我正在为嵌入式Linux设备添加HTTPS支持。我已尝试使用以下步骤生成自签名证书：
openssl req -new > cert.csr
openssl rsa -in privkey.pem -out key.pem
openssl x509 -in cert.csr -out cert.pem -req -signkey key.pem -days 1001
cat key.pem>>cert.pem
这是可行的，但我在Google Chrome上遇到了一些错误：
这可能不是你要找的网站！站点的安全证书不受信任！
我错过了什么吗？这是构建自签名证书的正确方法吗？
当前回答
这对我有用
openssl req -x509 -nodes -subj '/CN=localhost' -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout ./sslcert/key.pem -out ./sslcert/cert.pem -days 365
服务器.js
var fs = require('fs');
var path = require('path');
var http = require('http');
var https = require('https');
var compression = require('compression');
var express = require('express');
var app = express();
app.use(compression());
app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/www'));
app.get('/*', function(req,res) {
res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname+'/www/index.html'));
});
// your express configuration here
var httpServer = http.createServer(app);
var credentials = {
key: fs.readFileSync('./sslcert/key.pem', 'utf8'),
cert: fs.readFileSync('./sslcert/cert.pem', 'utf8')
};
var httpsServer = https.createServer(credentials, app);
httpServer.listen(8080);
httpsServer.listen(8443);
console.log(`RUNNING ON http://127.0.0.1:8080`);
console.log(`RUNNING ON http://127.0.0.1:8443`);
其他回答
这个非常简单的Python应用程序创建了一个自签名证书。代码：
from OpenSSL import crypto, SSL
from secrets import randbelow
print("Please know, if you make a mistake, you must restart the program.")
def cert_gen(
emailAddress=input("Enter Email Address: "),
commonName=input("Enter Common Name: "),
countryName=input("Enter Country Name (2 characters): "),
localityName=input("Enter Locality Name: "),
stateOrProvinceName=input("Enter State of Province Name: "),
organizationName=input("Enter Organization Name: "),
organizationUnitName=input("Enter Organization Unit Name: "),
serialNumber=randbelow(1000000),
validityStartInSeconds=0,
validityEndInSeconds=10*365*24*60*60,
KEY_FILE = "private.key",
CERT_FILE="selfsigned.crt"):
#can look at generated file using openssl:
#openssl x509 -inform pem -in selfsigned.crt -noout -text
# create a key pair
k = crypto.PKey()
k.generate_key(crypto.TYPE_RSA, 4096)
# create a self-signed cert
cert = crypto.X509()
cert.get_subject().C = countryName
cert.get_subject().ST = stateOrProvinceName
cert.get_subject().L = localityName
cert.get_subject().O = organizationName
cert.get_subject().OU = organizationUnitName
cert.get_subject().CN = commonName
cert.get_subject().emailAddress = emailAddress
cert.set_serial_number(serialNumber)
cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore(0)
cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(validityEndInSeconds)
cert.set_issuer(cert.get_subject())
cert.set_pubkey(k)
cert.sign(k, 'sha512')
with open(CERT_FILE, "wt") as f:
f.write(crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert).decode("utf-8"))
with open(KEY_FILE, "wt") as f:
f.write(crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, k).decode("utf-8"))
print("GENERATED")
input("Press enter to close program.")
cert_gen()
但是，您仍然会收到“证书不受信任”错误。这是因为以下几个原因：
它是自签名/未验证的（验证的证书需要CA（证书颁发机构），如Let's Encrypt，以便在所有设备上都受信任）。您的计算机上不信任它。（此答案显示了如何使Windows信任您的证书）。
生成密钥我将/etc/mysql用于证书存储，因为/etc/appamor.d/usr.sbin.mysqld包含/etc/mysql/*.pem r。苏多苏-cd/etc/mysqlopenssl genrsa-out ca-key.pem 2048；openssl req-new-x509-nodes-days 1000-key ca-key.pem-out ca-cert.pem；openssl req-newkey rsa：2048-天1000-节点-keyout server-key.pem-out server-req.pem；openssl x509-req-in server-req.pem-天1000-CA CA-cert.pem-CA密钥CA-key.pem-set_serial 01-out server-cert.pum；openssl req-newkey rsa：2048-天1000-nodes-keyout client-key.pem-out client-req.pem；openssl x509-req-in client-req.pem-days 1000-CA CA-cert.pem-CA密钥CA-key.pem-set_serial 01-out client-cert.pum；添加配置/etc/mysql/my.cnf[客户]ssl-ca=/etc/mysql/ca-cert.pemssl证书=/etc/mysql/client-cert.pemssl密钥=/etc/mysql/client-key.pem[mysqld]ssl-ca=/etc/mysql/ca-cert.pemssl证书=/etc/mysql/server-cert.pemssl密钥=/etc/mysql/server-key.pem
在我的设置中，Ubuntu服务器登录到：/var/log/mysql/error.log
后续注意事项：
SSL错误：无法从“…”获取证书如果MySQL不在appmors配置中，则可能会拒绝对证书文件的读取访问。如前面步骤^中所述，将所有证书保存为/etc/mysql/目录中的.pem文件，appamor默认批准该目录（或修改appamor/SELinux以允许访问存储它们的任何位置）SSL错误：无法获取私钥您的MySQL服务器版本可能不支持默认的rsa：2048格式将生成的rsa：2048转换为纯rsa：openssl rsa-in server-key.pem-out server-key.phpopenssl rsa-in client-key.pem-out client-key.php检查本地服务器是否支持SSL：mysql-u根-pmysql>显示变量，如“%ssl%”；+---------------+----------------------------+|变量名称|值|+---------------+----------------------------+|have_openssl|是||have_ssl|是||ssl-ca|/etc/mysql/ca-cert.pem||ssl_容量|||ssl_cert |/etc/mysql/server-cert.pem||ssl_密码|||ssl-key |/etc/mysql/server-key.pem|+---------------+----------------------------+验证与数据库的连接是否经过SSL加密：正在验证连接登录到MySQL实例时，可以发出查询：显示状态，如“Ssl_cypher”；如果您的连接未加密，结果将为空：mysql>显示状态，如“Ssl_cypher”；+---------------+-------+|变量名称|值|+---------------+-------+|Ssl_密码||+---------------+-------+一组1行（0.00秒）否则，它将显示正在使用的密码的非零长度字符串：mysql>显示状态，如“Ssl_cypher”；+---------------+--------------------+|变量名称|值|+---------------+--------------------+|Ssl_密码|DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA|+---------------+--------------------+一组1行（0.00秒）特定用户的连接需要ssl（“需要ssl”）：安全套接字层告诉服务器只允许帐户使用SSL加密连接。授予测试的所有特权。*至“root”@“本地主机”需要SSL；要进行连接，客户端必须指定--ssl ca选项来验证服务器证书，还可以指定--ssl密钥和--ssl证书选项。如果未指定--ssl ca选项或--ssl capath选项，则客户端不会对服务器证书进行身份验证。
备用链接：《用SSL保护PHP与MySQL的连接》中的冗长教程。
如果您想使用openssl生成自签名证书，这里有一个我们生成的脚本，可以按原样使用。
#!/bin/bash
subj='//SKIP=skip/C=IN/ST=Country/L=City/O=MyCompany/OU=Technology'
red='\033[31m' # red
yellow='\033[33m' # yellow
green='\033[32m' # green
blue='\033[34m' # Blue
purple='\033[35m' # Purple
cyan='\033[36m' # Cyan
white='\033[37m' # White
gencerts(){
certname=$1
pkname=$2
alias=$3
$(openssl genrsa -out $pkname'pem.pem' 4096)
$(openssl req -new -sha256 -key $pkname'pem.pem' -out $certname'csr.csr' -subj $subj)
$(openssl x509 -req -sha256 -days 3650 -in $certname'csr.csr' -signkey $pkname'pem.pem' -out $certname'.crt')
$(openssl pkcs12 -export -out $pkname'.p12' -name $alias -inkey $pkname'pem.pem' -in $certname'.crt')
}
verify(){
pkname=$1
keytool -v -list -storetype pkcs12 -keystore $pkname'.p12'
}
echo -e "${purple}WELCOME TO KEY PAIR GENERATOR"
echo -e "${yellow} Please enter the name of the certificate required: "
read certname
echo -e "${green}Please enter the name of the Private Key p12 file required: "
read pkname
echo -e "${cyan}Please enter the ALIAS of the Private Key p12 file : "
read pkalias
echo -e "${white}Please wait while we generate your Key Pair"
gencerts $certname $pkname $pkalias
echo -e "${white}Now lets verify the private key :)"
tput bel # Play a bell
verify $pkname
请告诉我是否可以对脚本进行任何改进。
openssl允许通过单个命令（-newkey）生成自签名证书指示生成私钥，-x509指示发出自签名证书而不是签名请求）：：
openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 \
-keyout my.key -passout pass:123456 -out my.crt \
-days 365 \
-subj /CN=localhost/O=home/C=US/emailAddress=me@mail.internal \
-addext "subjectAltName = DNS:localhost,DNS:web.internal,email:me@mail.internal" \
-addext keyUsage=digitalSignature -addext extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth
您可以在单独的步骤中生成私钥和构造自签名证书：
openssl genrsa -out my.key -passout pass:123456 2048
openssl req -x509 \
-key my.key -passin pass:123456 -out my.csr \
-days 3650 \
-subj /CN=localhost/O=home/C=US/emailAddress=me@mail.internal \
-addext "subjectAltName = DNS:localhost,DNS:web.internal,email:me@mail.internal" \
-addext keyUsage=digitalSignature -addext extendedKeyUsage=serverAuth
查看生成的证书：
openssl x509 -text -noout -in my.crt
Java keytool创建PKCS#12存储：：
keytool -genkeypair -keystore my.p12 -alias master \
-storetype pkcs12 -keyalg RSA -keysize 2048 -validity 3650 \
-storepass 123456 \
-dname "CN=localhost,O=home,C=US" \
-ext 'san=dns:localhost,dns:web.internal,email:me@mail.internal'
要导出自签名证书，请执行以下操作：
keytool -exportcert -keystore my.p12 -file my.crt \
-alias master -rfc -storepass 123456
查看生成的证书：
keytool -printcert -file my.crt
GnuTLS的certtool不允许从CLI传递不同的属性。我不喜欢乱搞配置文件((
2017年单线版：
CentOS：
openssl req -x509 -nodes -sha256 -newkey rsa:2048 \
-keyout localhost.key -out localhost.crt \
-days 3650 \
-subj "CN=localhost" \
-reqexts SAN -extensions SAN \
-config <(cat /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf <(printf "\n[SAN]\nsubjectAltName=IP:127.0.0.1,DNS:localhost"))
Ubuntu：
openssl req -x509 -nodes -sha256 -newkey rsa:2048 \
-keyout localhost.key -out localhost.crt \
-days 3650 \
-subj "/CN=localhost" \
-reqexts SAN -extensions SAN \
-config <(cat /etc/ssl/openssl.cnf <(printf "\n[SAN]\nsubjectAltName=IP:127.0.0.1,DNS:localhost"))
编辑：为Ubuntu的“subj”选项添加了前缀Slash。
