下面是演示java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError的代码。具体的解释请看Jared的回答。

NoClassDefFoundErrorDemo.java

public class NoClassDefFoundErrorDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            // The following line would throw ExceptionInInitializerError
            SimpleCalculator calculator1 = new SimpleCalculator();
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            System.out.println(t);
        }
        // The following line would cause NoClassDefFoundError
        SimpleCalculator calculator2 = new SimpleCalculator();
    }

}

SimpleCalculator.java

public class SimpleCalculator {
    static int undefined = 1 / 0;
}

此错误可能是由未检查的Java版本要求引起的。

在我的案例中，当我构建一个备受瞩目的开源项目时，通过使用SDKMAN从Java 9切换到Java 8，我能够解决这个错误。

sdk list java
sdk install java 8u152-zulu
sdk use java 8u152-zulu

然后按照下面的描述进行干净安装。

在使用Maven作为构建工具时，在禁用测试的情况下进行干净的“安装”构建有时是有帮助的，而且通常是令人满意的。

mvn clean install -DskipTests

现在已经构建并安装了所有内容，您可以继续运行测试。

mvn test

下面是演示java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError的代码。具体的解释请看Jared的回答。

NoClassDefFoundErrorDemo.java

public class NoClassDefFoundErrorDemo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            // The following line would throw ExceptionInInitializerError
            SimpleCalculator calculator1 = new SimpleCalculator();
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            System.out.println(t);
        }
        // The following line would cause NoClassDefFoundError
        SimpleCalculator calculator2 = new SimpleCalculator();
    }

}

SimpleCalculator.java

public class SimpleCalculator {
    static int undefined = 1 / 0;
}

虽然这可能是由于编译时和运行时之间的类路径不匹配造成的，但这并不一定是真的。

在这种情况下，记住两到三个不同的异常是很重要的:

java.lang.ClassNotFoundException This exception indicates that the class was not found on the classpath. This indicates that we were trying to load the class definition, and the class did not exist on the classpath. java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError This exception indicates that the JVM looked in its internal class definition data structure for the definition of a class and did not find it. This is different than saying that it could not be loaded from the classpath. Usually this indicates that we previously attempted to load a class from the classpath, but it failed for some reason - now we're trying to use the class again (and thus need to load it, since it failed last time), but we're not even going to try to load it, because we failed loading it earlier (and reasonably suspect that we would fail again). The earlier failure could be a ClassNotFoundException or an ExceptionInInitializerError (indicating a failure in the static initialization block) or any number of other problems. The point is, a NoClassDefFoundError is not necessarily a classpath problem.

更新[https://www.infoq.com/articles/single-file-execution-java11/]:

在Java SE 11中，可以选择启动单个源代码文件 直接，不需要中间编译。为了方便大家， 所以像你这样的新手不需要运行javac + Java(当然， 让他们感到困惑)。

这是迄今为止我找到的最好的解决办法。

假设我们有一个名为org的包。Mypackage包含的类:

HelloWorld(主类) SupportClass UtilClass

定义这个包的文件物理存储在目录D:\myprogram (Windows)或/home/user/myprogram (Linux)下。

文件结构如下所示:

当调用Java时，我们指定要运行的应用程序的名称:org.mypackage.HelloWorld。但是，我们还必须告诉Java在哪里查找定义包的文件和目录。所以要启动程序，我们必须使用下面的命令: