如果你已经有一个已知大小的数组

import numpy as np                                         
M=np.arange(12)
                                                               
avg=[]                                                         
i=0
while i<len(M)-2: #for n point average len(M) - (n-1)
        avg.append((M[i]+M[i+1]+M[i+2])/3) #n is denominator                       
        i+=1     
                                                                                                    
print(avg)

for i in range(len(Data)):
    Data[i, 1] = Data[i-lookback:i, 0].sum() / lookback

试试这段代码。我认为这样更简单，也能达到目的。 回望是移动平均线的窗口。

在Data[i-lookback:i, 0].sum()中，我放了0来指代数据集的第一列，但如果你有多个列，你可以放任何你喜欢的列。

从Numpy 1.20开始，sliding_window_view提供了一种在元素窗口中滑动/滚动的方法。然后你可以分别取平均值。

例如，对于一个4元素的窗口:

from numpy.lib.stride_tricks import sliding_window_view

# values = np.array([5, 3, 8, 10, 2, 1, 5, 1, 0, 2])
np.average(sliding_window_view(values, window_shape = 4), axis=1)
# array([6.5, 5.75, 5.25, 4.5, 2.25, 1.75, 2])

注意sliding_window_view的中间结果:

# values = np.array([5, 3, 8, 10, 2, 1, 5, 1, 0, 2])
sliding_window_view(values, window_shape = 4)
# array([[ 5,  3,  8, 10],
#        [ 3,  8, 10,  2],
#        [ 8, 10,  2,  1],
#        [10,  2,  1,  5],
#        [ 2,  1,  5,  1],
#        [ 1,  5,  1,  0],
#        [ 5,  1,  0,  2]])

实现这一点的一个简单方法是使用np.卷积。 这背后的思想是利用离散卷积的计算方式，并使用它来返回滚动平均值。这可以通过与np序列进行卷积来实现。长度等于我们想要的滑动窗口长度。

为了做到这一点，我们可以定义以下函数:

def moving_average(x, w):
    return np.convolve(x, np.ones(w), 'valid') / w

该函数将对序列x和长度为w的序列进行卷积。注意，所选模式是有效的，因此卷积积只对序列完全重叠的点给出。

一些例子:

x = np.array([5,3,8,10,2,1,5,1,0,2])

对于窗口长度为2的移动平均线，我们有:

moving_average(x, 2)
# array([4. , 5.5, 9. , 6. , 1.5, 3. , 3. , 0.5, 1. ])

对于长度为4的窗口:

moving_average(x, 4)
# array([6.5 , 5.75, 5.25, 4.5 , 2.25, 1.75, 2.  ])

卷积是怎么工作的?

让我们更深入地看看离散卷积是如何计算的。 下面的函数旨在复制np。卷积计算输出值:

def mov_avg(x, w):
    for m in range(len(x)-(w-1)):
        yield sum(np.ones(w) * x[m:m+w]) / w 

对于上面的同一个例子，也会得到:

list(mov_avg(x, 2))
# [4.0, 5.5, 9.0, 6.0, 1.5, 3.0, 3.0, 0.5, 1.0]

所以每一步要做的就是求1数组和当前窗口之间的内积。在这种情况下，乘以np.ones(w)是多余的，因为我们直接取序列的和。

下面是一个计算第一个输出的例子，这样会更清楚一些。假设我们想要一个w=4的窗口:

[1,1,1,1]
[5,3,8,10,2,1,5,1,0,2]
= (1*5 + 1*3 + 1*8 + 1*10) / w = 6.5

下面的输出将被计算为:

  [1,1,1,1]
[5,3,8,10,2,1,5,1,0,2]
= (1*3 + 1*8 + 1*10 + 1*2) / w = 5.75

依此类推，在所有重叠完成后返回序列的移动平均值。

这里有许多实现这一点的方法，以及一些基准测试。最好的方法是使用来自其他库的优化代码。瓶颈。Move_mean方法可能是最好的方法。scipy。卷积方法也非常快，可扩展，并且语法和概念简单，但是对于非常大的窗口值不能很好地扩展。numpy。如果你需要一个纯numpy方法，Cumsum方法是很好的。

注意:其中一些(例如:瓶颈。move_mean)不是居中的，并且会转移你的数据。

import numpy as np
import scipy as sci
import scipy.signal as sig
import pandas as pd
import bottleneck as bn
import time as time

def rollavg_direct(a,n): 
    'Direct "for" loop'
    assert n%2==1
    b = a*0.0
    for i in range(len(a)) :
        b[i]=a[max(i-n//2,0):min(i+n//2+1,len(a))].mean()
    return b

def rollavg_comprehension(a,n):
    'List comprehension'
    assert n%2==1
    r,N = int(n/2),len(a)
    return np.array([a[max(i-r,0):min(i+r+1,N)].mean() for i in range(N)]) 

def rollavg_convolve(a,n):
    'scipy.convolve'
    assert n%2==1
    return sci.convolve(a,np.ones(n,dtype='float')/n, 'same')[n//2:-n//2+1]  

def rollavg_convolve_edges(a,n):
    'scipy.convolve, edge handling'
    assert n%2==1
    return sci.convolve(a,np.ones(n,dtype='float'), 'same')/sci.convolve(np.ones(len(a)),np.ones(n), 'same')  

def rollavg_cumsum(a,n):
    'numpy.cumsum'
    assert n%2==1
    cumsum_vec = np.cumsum(np.insert(a, 0, 0)) 
    return (cumsum_vec[n:] - cumsum_vec[:-n]) / n

def rollavg_cumsum_edges(a,n):
    'numpy.cumsum, edge handling'
    assert n%2==1
    N = len(a)
    cumsum_vec = np.cumsum(np.insert(np.pad(a,(n-1,n-1),'constant'), 0, 0)) 
    d = np.hstack((np.arange(n//2+1,n),np.ones(N-n)*n,np.arange(n,n//2,-1)))  
    return (cumsum_vec[n+n//2:-n//2+1] - cumsum_vec[n//2:-n-n//2]) / d

def rollavg_roll(a,n):
    'Numpy array rolling'
    assert n%2==1
    N = len(a)
    rolling_idx = np.mod((N-1)*np.arange(n)[:,None] + np.arange(N), N)
    return a[rolling_idx].mean(axis=0)[n-1:] 

def rollavg_roll_edges(a,n):
    # see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42101082/fast-numpy-roll
    'Numpy array rolling, edge handling'
    assert n%2==1
    a = np.pad(a,(0,n-1-n//2), 'constant')*np.ones(n)[:,None]
    m = a.shape[1]
    idx = np.mod((m-1)*np.arange(n)[:,None] + np.arange(m), m) # Rolling index
    out = a[np.arange(-n//2,n//2)[:,None], idx]
    d = np.hstack((np.arange(1,n),np.ones(m-2*n+1+n//2)*n,np.arange(n,n//2,-1)))
    return (out.sum(axis=0)/d)[n//2:]

def rollavg_pandas(a,n):
    'Pandas rolling average'
    return pd.DataFrame(a).rolling(n, center=True, min_periods=1).mean().to_numpy()

def rollavg_bottlneck(a,n):
    'bottleneck.move_mean'
    return bn.move_mean(a, window=n, min_count=1)

N = 10**6
a = np.random.rand(N)
functions = [rollavg_direct, rollavg_comprehension, rollavg_convolve, 
        rollavg_convolve_edges, rollavg_cumsum, rollavg_cumsum_edges, 
        rollavg_pandas, rollavg_bottlneck, rollavg_roll, rollavg_roll_edges]

print('Small window (n=3)')
%load_ext memory_profiler
for f in functions : 
    print('\n'+f.__doc__+ ' : ')
    %timeit b=f(a,3)

print('\nLarge window (n=1001)')
for f in functions[0:-2] : 
    print('\n'+f.__doc__+ ' : ')
    %timeit b=f(a,1001)

print('\nMemory\n')
print('Small window (n=3)')
N = 10**7
a = np.random.rand(N)
%load_ext memory_profiler
for f in functions[2:] : 
    print('\n'+f.__doc__+ ' : ')
    %memit b=f(a,3)

print('\nLarge window (n=1001)')
for f in functions[2:-2] : 
    print('\n'+f.__doc__+ ' : ')
    %memit b=f(a,1001)

定时，小窗口(n=3)

Direct "for" loop : 

4.14 s ± 23.7 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)

List comprehension : 
3.96 s ± 27.9 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)

scipy.convolve : 
1.07 ms ± 26.7 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)

scipy.convolve, edge handling : 
4.68 ms ± 9.69 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

numpy.cumsum : 
5.31 ms ± 5.11 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

numpy.cumsum, edge handling : 
8.52 ms ± 11.1 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

Pandas rolling average : 
9.85 ms ± 9.63 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

bottleneck.move_mean : 
1.3 ms ± 12.2 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

Numpy array rolling : 
31.3 ms ± 91.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)

Numpy array rolling, edge handling : 
61.1 ms ± 55.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)

定时，大窗口(n=1001)

Direct "for" loop : 
4.67 s ± 34 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)

List comprehension : 
4.46 s ± 14.6 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)

scipy.convolve : 
103 ms ± 165 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)

scipy.convolve, edge handling : 
272 ms ± 1.23 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)

numpy.cumsum : 
5.19 ms ± 12.4 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

numpy.cumsum, edge handling : 
8.7 ms ± 11.5 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

Pandas rolling average : 
9.67 ms ± 199 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

bottleneck.move_mean : 
1.31 ms ± 15.7 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

内存，小窗口(n=3)

The memory_profiler extension is already loaded. To reload it, use:
  %reload_ext memory_profiler

scipy.convolve : 
peak memory: 362.66 MiB, increment: 73.61 MiB

scipy.convolve, edge handling : 
peak memory: 510.24 MiB, increment: 221.19 MiB

numpy.cumsum : 
peak memory: 441.81 MiB, increment: 152.76 MiB

numpy.cumsum, edge handling : 
peak memory: 518.14 MiB, increment: 228.84 MiB

Pandas rolling average : 
peak memory: 449.34 MiB, increment: 160.02 MiB

bottleneck.move_mean : 
peak memory: 374.17 MiB, increment: 75.54 MiB

Numpy array rolling : 
peak memory: 661.29 MiB, increment: 362.65 MiB

Numpy array rolling, edge handling : 
peak memory: 1111.25 MiB, increment: 812.61 MiB

内存，大窗口(n=1001)

scipy.convolve : 
peak memory: 370.62 MiB, increment: 71.83 MiB

scipy.convolve, edge handling : 
peak memory: 521.98 MiB, increment: 223.18 MiB

numpy.cumsum : 
peak memory: 451.32 MiB, increment: 152.52 MiB

numpy.cumsum, edge handling : 
peak memory: 527.51 MiB, increment: 228.71 MiB

Pandas rolling average : 
peak memory: 451.25 MiB, increment: 152.50 MiB

bottleneck.move_mean : 
peak memory: 374.64 MiB, increment: 75.85 MiB

下面是一个使用numba的快速实现(注意类型)。注意它确实包含移位的nan。

import numpy as np
import numba as nb

@nb.jit(nb.float64[:](nb.float64[:],nb.int64),
        fastmath=True,nopython=True)
def moving_average( array, window ):    
    ret = np.cumsum(array)
    ret[window:] = ret[window:] - ret[:-window]
    ma = ret[window - 1:] / window
    n = np.empty(window-1); n.fill(np.nan)
    return np.concatenate((n.ravel(), ma.ravel()))