Use:

$psVersion = $PSVersionTable.PSVersion
If ($psVersion)
{
    #PowerShell Version Mapping
    $psVersionMappings = @()
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='5.1.14393.0';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 5.1 Preview';ApplicableOS='Windows 10 Anniversary Update'}
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='5.1.14300.1000';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 5.1 Preview';ApplicableOS='Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview 5'}
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='5.0.10586.494';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 5 RTM';ApplicableOS='Windows 10 1511 + KB3172985 1607'}
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='5.0.10586.122';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 5 RTM';ApplicableOS='Windows 10 1511 + KB3140743 1603'}
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='5.0.10586.117';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 5 RTM 1602';ApplicableOS='Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows 8.1, and Windows 7 SP1'}
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='5.0.10586.63';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 5 RTM';ApplicableOS='Windows 10 1511 + KB3135173 1602'}
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='5.0.10586.51';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 5 RTM 1512';ApplicableOS='Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows 8.1, and Windows 7 SP1'}
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='5.0.10514.6';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 5 Production Preview 1508';ApplicableOS='Windows Server 2012 R2'}
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='5.0.10018.0';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 5 Preview 1502';ApplicableOS='Windows Server 2012 R2'}
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='5.0.9883.0';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 5 Preview November 2014';ApplicableOS='Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows 8.1'}
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='4.0';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 4 RTM';ApplicableOS='Windows Server 2012 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows 8.1, and Windows 7 SP1'}
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='3.0';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 3 RTM';ApplicableOS='Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows 8, and Windows 7 SP1'}
    $psVersionMappings += New-Object PSObject -Property @{Name='2.0';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 2 RTM';ApplicableOS='Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 and Windows 7'}
    foreach ($psVersionMapping in $psVersionMappings)
    {
        If ($psVersion -ge $psVersionMapping.Name) {
            @{CurrentVersion=$psVersion;FriendlyName=$psVersionMapping.FriendlyName;ApplicableOS=$psVersionMapping.ApplicableOS}
            Break
        }
    }
}
Else{
    @{CurrentVersion='1.0';FriendlyName='Windows PowerShell 1 RTM';ApplicableOS='Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows XP'}
}

您可以从How to determined installed PowerShell version下载详细脚本。

用选择运算符扩展答案：

Get-Host | select {$_.Version}

Microsoft建议的用于检查是否安装了PowerShell并确定已安装版本的前向兼容方法是查看两个特定的注册表项。我在这里复制了细节，以防链接断开。

根据链接页面：

根据任何其他注册表项、PowerShell.exe版本或PowerShell.exe的位置，不能保证长期工作。

要检查是否安装了任何版本的PowerShell，请检查注册表中的以下值：

密钥位置：HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Shell\1值名称：安装值类型：REG_DWORD值数据：0x00000001（1

要检查是否安装了PowerShell版本1.0或2.0，请检查注册表中的以下值：

密钥位置：HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Shell\1\PowerShellEngine值名称：PowerShellVersion值类型：REG_SZ值数据：<1.0|2.0>

只能通过从外部调用PowerShell（例如从命令提示符），使用一行代码直接检查版本

powershell -Command "$PSVersionTable.PSVersion"

根据@psaul的说法，您实际上可以有一个不知道来自何处的命令（CMD、PowerShell或Pwsh）。谢谢你。

powershell -command "(Get-Variable PSVersionTable -ValueOnly).PSVersion"

我已经测试过了，它在CMD和PowerShell上都运行得很完美。

您还可以从PowerShell命令行调用“host”命令。它应该为您提供$host变量的值。

以下cmdlet将返回PowerShell版本。

$PSVersionTable.PSVersion.Major