在Python作用域内,对尚未在该作用域内声明的变量的任何赋值都会创建一个新的局部变量,除非该变量在前面的函数中声明为引用全局作用域变量时使用关键字global。
让我们看看伪代码的修改版本,看看会发生什么:
# Here, we're creating a variable 'x', in the __main__ scope.
x = 'None!'
def func_A():
# The below declaration lets the function know that we
# mean the global 'x' when we refer to that variable, not
# any local one
global x
x = 'A'
return x
def func_B():
# Here, we are somewhat mislead. We're actually involving two different
# variables named 'x'. One is local to func_B, the other is global.
# By calling func_A(), we do two things: we're reassigning the value
# of the GLOBAL x as part of func_A, and then taking that same value
# since it's returned by func_A, and assigning it to a LOCAL variable
# named 'x'.
x = func_A() # look at this as: x_local = func_A()
# Here, we're assigning the value of 'B' to the LOCAL x.
x = 'B' # look at this as: x_local = 'B'
return x # look at this as: return x_local
事实上,你可以用x_local变量重写func_B的所有部分,这是一样的。
顺序只与函数执行改变全局x值的操作的顺序有关。因此,在我们的例子中,顺序并不重要,因为func_B调用func_A。在这个例子中,顺序很重要:
def a():
global foo
foo = 'A'
def b():
global foo
foo = 'B'
b()
a()
print foo
# prints 'A' because a() was the last function to modify 'foo'.
注意,只有修改全局对象时才需要global。您仍然可以在函数中访问它们,而无需声明全局。
因此,我们有:
x = 5
def access_only():
return x
# This returns whatever the global value of 'x' is
def modify():
global x
x = 'modified'
return x
# This function makes the global 'x' equal to 'modified', and then returns that value
def create_locally():
x = 'local!'
return x
# This function creates a new local variable named 'x', and sets it as 'local',
# and returns that. The global 'x' is untouched.
注意create_local和access_only之间的区别——access_only访问全局x,尽管没有调用global,即使create_local也不使用global,它创建了一个本地副本,因为它分配了一个值。
这里的困惑是为什么不应该使用全局变量。