我需要一种工作方法来获取从Python基类继承的所有类。
当前回答
如果你只想要直接的子类,那么.__subclasses__()就可以了。如果你想要所有的子类,子类的子类等等,你需要一个函数来为你做这些。
下面是一个简单易读的函数,它可以递归地找到给定类的所有子类:
def get_all_subclasses(cls):
all_subclasses = []
for subclass in cls.__subclasses__():
all_subclasses.append(subclass)
all_subclasses.extend(get_all_subclasses(subclass))
return all_subclasses
其他回答
获取所有子类列表的一个更短的版本:
from itertools import chain
def subclasses(cls):
return list(
chain.from_iterable(
[list(chain.from_iterable([[x], subclasses(x)])) for x in cls.__subclasses__()]
)
)
一般形式的最简单解:
def get_subclasses(cls):
for subclass in cls.__subclasses__():
yield from get_subclasses(subclass)
yield subclass
和类方法,如果你有一个单一的类,你继承:
@classmethod
def get_subclasses(cls):
for subclass in cls.__subclasses__():
yield from subclass.get_subclasses()
yield subclass
下面是一个简单但有效的代码版本:
def get_all_subclasses(cls):
subclass_list = []
def recurse(klass):
for subclass in klass.__subclasses__():
subclass_list.append(subclass)
recurse(subclass)
recurse(cls)
return set(subclass_list)
它的时间复杂度是O(n)如果没有多重继承,n是所有子类的数目。 它比递归地创建列表或使用生成器生成类的函数更有效,后者的复杂度可能是(1)O(nlogn)当类层次结构是平衡树时,或(2)O(n²)当类层次结构是有偏树时。
下面是一个没有递归的版本:
def get_subclasses_gen(cls):
def _subclasses(classes, seen):
while True:
subclasses = sum((x.__subclasses__() for x in classes), [])
yield from classes
yield from seen
found = []
if not subclasses:
return
classes = subclasses
seen = found
return _subclasses([cls], [])
这与其他实现的不同之处在于它返回原始类。 这是因为它使代码更简单,并且:
class Ham(object):
pass
assert(issubclass(Ham, Ham)) # True
如果get_subclasses_gen看起来有点奇怪,那是因为它是通过将尾递归实现转换为循环生成器创建的:
def get_subclasses(cls):
def _subclasses(classes, seen):
subclasses = sum(*(frozenset(x.__subclasses__()) for x in classes))
found = classes + seen
if not subclasses:
return found
return _subclasses(subclasses, found)
return _subclasses([cls], [])
注意:我看到有人(不是@unutbu)改变了引用的答案,使它不再使用vars()['Foo'] -所以我的帖子的主要观点不再适用。
FWIW,这是我的意思是@unutbu的答案只与本地定义的类一起工作-使用eval()而不是vars()将使它与任何可访问的类一起工作,而不仅仅是那些在当前范围内定义的类。
对于那些不喜欢使用eval()的人,还展示了一种避免使用它的方法。
首先,这里有一个具体的例子,演示了使用vars()的潜在问题:
class Foo(object): pass
class Bar(Foo): pass
class Baz(Foo): pass
class Bing(Bar): pass
# unutbu's approach
def all_subclasses(cls):
return cls.__subclasses__() + [g for s in cls.__subclasses__()
for g in all_subclasses(s)]
print(all_subclasses(vars()['Foo'])) # Fine because Foo is in scope
# -> [<class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.Baz'>, <class '__main__.Bing'>]
def func(): # won't work because Foo class is not locally defined
print(all_subclasses(vars()['Foo']))
try:
func() # not OK because Foo is not local to func()
except Exception as e:
print('calling func() raised exception: {!r}'.format(e))
# -> calling func() raised exception: KeyError('Foo',)
print(all_subclasses(eval('Foo'))) # OK
# -> [<class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.Baz'>, <class '__main__.Bing'>]
# using eval('xxx') instead of vars()['xxx']
def func2():
print(all_subclasses(eval('Foo')))
func2() # Works
# -> [<class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.Baz'>, <class '__main__.Bing'>]
这可以通过将eval('ClassName')移动到定义的函数中来改进,这使得它更容易使用,而不会失去使用eval()所获得的额外通用性,这与vars()不同,eval()不是上下文敏感的:
# easier to use version
def all_subclasses2(classname):
direct_subclasses = eval(classname).__subclasses__()
return direct_subclasses + [g for s in direct_subclasses
for g in all_subclasses2(s.__name__)]
# pass 'xxx' instead of eval('xxx')
def func_ez():
print(all_subclasses2('Foo')) # simpler
func_ez()
# -> [<class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.Baz'>, <class '__main__.Bing'>]
最后,出于安全考虑,避免使用eval()是可能的,在某些情况下甚至是重要的,所以这里有一个不使用它的版本:
def get_all_subclasses(cls):
""" Generator of all a class's subclasses. """
try:
for subclass in cls.__subclasses__():
yield subclass
for subclass in get_all_subclasses(subclass):
yield subclass
except TypeError:
return
def all_subclasses3(classname):
for cls in get_all_subclasses(object): # object is base of all new-style classes.
if cls.__name__.split('.')[-1] == classname:
break
else:
raise ValueError('class %s not found' % classname)
direct_subclasses = cls.__subclasses__()
return direct_subclasses + [g for s in direct_subclasses
for g in all_subclasses3(s.__name__)]
# no eval('xxx')
def func3():
print(all_subclasses3('Foo'))
func3() # Also works
# -> [<class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.Baz'>, <class '__main__.Bing'>]
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