是否有办法从用户输入中读取单个字符?例如,他们在终端上按下一个键,它就会返回(有点像getch())。我知道Windows中有这个功能,但我想要跨平台的东西。
当前回答
(目前)排名第一的答案(带有ActiveState代码)过于复杂。当仅仅一个函数就足够了时,我不认为有理由使用类。下面是两个实现,它们实现了相同的功能,但代码可读性更强。
这两个实现:
可以在python2或python3中正常工作 可以在Windows, OSX和Linux上工作 只读取一个字节(即,它们不等待换行符) 不要依赖任何外部库 是自包含的(没有函数定义之外的代码)
版本1:易读且简单
def getChar():
try:
# for Windows-based systems
import msvcrt # If successful, we are on Windows
return msvcrt.getch()
except ImportError:
# for POSIX-based systems (with termios & tty support)
import tty, sys, termios # raises ImportError if unsupported
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
oldSettings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
try:
tty.setcbreak(fd)
answer = sys.stdin.read(1)
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, oldSettings)
return answer
版本2:避免重复导入和异常处理:
[编辑]我错过了ActiveState代码的一个优点。如果您计划多次读取字符,该代码可以避免在类unix系统上重复Windows导入和ImportError异常处理的成本(可以忽略不计)。虽然你可能应该更关心代码的可读性,而不是可以忽略的优化,这里有一个替代方案(它类似于Louis的答案,但getChar()是自包含的),它的功能与ActiveState代码相同,更可读:
def getChar():
# figure out which function to use once, and store it in _func
if "_func" not in getChar.__dict__:
try:
# for Windows-based systems
import msvcrt # If successful, we are on Windows
getChar._func=msvcrt.getch
except ImportError:
# for POSIX-based systems (with termios & tty support)
import tty, sys, termios # raises ImportError if unsupported
def _ttyRead():
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
oldSettings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
try:
tty.setcbreak(fd)
answer = sys.stdin.read(1)
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, oldSettings)
return answer
getChar._func=_ttyRead
return getChar._func()
使用上述getChar()版本的示例代码:
from __future__ import print_function # put at top of file if using Python 2
# Example of a prompt for one character of input
promptStr = "Please give me a character:"
responseStr = "Thank you for giving me a '{}'."
print(promptStr, end="\n> ")
answer = getChar()
print("\n")
print(responseStr.format(answer))
其他回答
内置的raw_input应该会有所帮助。
for i in range(3):
print ("So much work to do!")
k = raw_input("Press any key to continue...")
print ("Ok, back to work.")
另一个回答中的一个评论提到了cbreak模式,这对Unix实现很重要,因为您通常不希望^C (KeyboardError)被getchar使用(当您将终端设置为原始模式时,它会被使用,就像大多数其他回答所做的那样)。
另一个重要的细节是,如果您希望读取一个字符而不是一个字节,您应该从输入流中读取4个字节,因为这是UTF-8 (Python 3+)中单个字符所包含的最大字节数。对于键盘箭头等多字节字符,只读取一个字节将产生意想不到的结果。
下面是我修改后的Unix实现:
import contextlib
import os
import sys
import termios
import tty
_MAX_CHARACTER_BYTE_LENGTH = 4
@contextlib.contextmanager
def _tty_reset(file_descriptor):
"""
A context manager that saves the tty flags of a file descriptor upon
entering and restores them upon exiting.
"""
old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(file_descriptor)
try:
yield
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(file_descriptor, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)
def get_character(file=sys.stdin):
"""
Read a single character from the given input stream (defaults to sys.stdin).
"""
file_descriptor = file.fileno()
with _tty_reset(file_descriptor):
tty.setcbreak(file_descriptor)
return os.read(file_descriptor, _MAX_CHARACTER_BYTE_LENGTH)
python中的curses包可以使用一些语句从终端进入“原始”模式进行字符输入。Curses的主要用途是接管屏幕进行输出,这可能不是你想要的。此代码片段使用print()语句代替,这是可用的,但必须注意curses如何更改附加到输出的行结束符。
#!/usr/bin/python3
# Demo of single char terminal input in raw mode with the curses package.
import sys, curses
def run_one_char(dummy):
'Run until a carriage return is entered'
char = ' '
print('Welcome to curses', flush=True)
while ord(char) != 13:
char = one_char()
def one_char():
'Read one character from the keyboard'
print('\r? ', flush= True, end = '')
## A blocking single char read in raw mode.
char = sys.stdin.read(1)
print('You entered %s\r' % char)
return char
## Must init curses before calling any functions
curses.initscr()
## To make sure the terminal returns to its initial settings,
## and to set raw mode and guarantee cleanup on exit.
curses.wrapper(run_one_char)
print('Curses be gone!')
sys.stdin.read(1)
基本上会从STDIN读取1个字节。
如果你必须使用不等待\n的方法,你可以按照之前的回答使用这段代码:
class _Getch:
"""Gets a single character from standard input. Does not echo to the screen."""
def __init__(self):
try:
self.impl = _GetchWindows()
except ImportError:
self.impl = _GetchUnix()
def __call__(self): return self.impl()
class _GetchUnix:
def __init__(self):
import tty, sys
def __call__(self):
import sys, tty, termios
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
try:
tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno())
ch = sys.stdin.read(1)
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)
return ch
class _GetchWindows:
def __init__(self):
import msvcrt
def __call__(self):
import msvcrt
return msvcrt.getch()
getch = _Getch()
(摘自http://code.activestate.com/recipes/134892/)
试试这个:http://home.wlu.edu/~levys/software/kbhit.py 它是非阻塞的(这意味着您可以有一个while循环并检测按键而无需停止它)和跨平台的。
import os
# Windows
if os.name == 'nt':
import msvcrt
# Posix (Linux, OS X)
else:
import sys
import termios
import atexit
from select import select
class KBHit:
def __init__(self):
'''Creates a KBHit object that you can call to do various keyboard things.'''
if os.name == 'nt':
pass
else:
# Save the terminal settings
self.fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
self.new_term = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
self.old_term = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
# New terminal setting unbuffered
self.new_term[3] = (self.new_term[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO)
termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.new_term)
# Support normal-terminal reset at exit
atexit.register(self.set_normal_term)
def set_normal_term(self):
''' Resets to normal terminal. On Windows this is a no-op.
'''
if os.name == 'nt':
pass
else:
termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.old_term)
def getch(self):
''' Returns a keyboard character after kbhit() has been called.
Should not be called in the same program as getarrow().
'''
s = ''
if os.name == 'nt':
return msvcrt.getch().decode('utf-8')
else:
return sys.stdin.read(1)
def getarrow(self):
''' Returns an arrow-key code after kbhit() has been called. Codes are
0 : up
1 : right
2 : down
3 : left
Should not be called in the same program as getch().
'''
if os.name == 'nt':
msvcrt.getch() # skip 0xE0
c = msvcrt.getch()
vals = [72, 77, 80, 75]
else:
c = sys.stdin.read(3)[2]
vals = [65, 67, 66, 68]
return vals.index(ord(c.decode('utf-8')))
def kbhit(self):
''' Returns True if keyboard character was hit, False otherwise.
'''
if os.name == 'nt':
return msvcrt.kbhit()
else:
dr,dw,de = select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0)
return dr != []
使用这个的例子:
import kbhit
kb = kbhit.KBHit()
while(True):
print("Key not pressed") #Do something
if kb.kbhit(): #If a key is pressed:
k_in = kb.getch() #Detect what key was pressed
print("You pressed ", k_in, "!") #Do something
kb.set_normal_term()
或者您可以使用PyPi中的getch模块。但是这会阻塞while循环
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