是否有办法从用户输入中读取单个字符?例如,他们在终端上按下一个键,它就会返回(有点像getch())。我知道Windows中有这个功能,但我想要跨平台的东西。
当前回答
我对python3的解决方案,不依赖于任何pip包。
# precondition: import tty, sys
def query_yes_no(question, default=True):
"""
Ask the user a yes/no question.
Returns immediately upon reading one-char answer.
Accepts multiple language characters for yes/no.
"""
if not sys.stdin.isatty():
return default
if default:
prompt = "[Y/n]?"
other_answers = "n"
else:
prompt = "[y/N]?"
other_answers = "yjosiá"
print(question,prompt,flush= True,end=" ")
oldttysettings = tty.tcgetattr(sys.stdin.fileno())
try:
tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno())
return not sys.stdin.read(1).lower() in other_answers
except:
return default
finally:
tty.tcsetattr(sys.stdin.fileno(), tty.TCSADRAIN , oldttysettings)
sys.stdout.write("\r\n")
tty.tcdrain(sys.stdin.fileno())
其他回答
另一个回答中的一个评论提到了cbreak模式,这对Unix实现很重要,因为您通常不希望^C (KeyboardError)被getchar使用(当您将终端设置为原始模式时,它会被使用,就像大多数其他回答所做的那样)。
另一个重要的细节是,如果您希望读取一个字符而不是一个字节,您应该从输入流中读取4个字节,因为这是UTF-8 (Python 3+)中单个字符所包含的最大字节数。对于键盘箭头等多字节字符,只读取一个字节将产生意想不到的结果。
下面是我修改后的Unix实现:
import contextlib
import os
import sys
import termios
import tty
_MAX_CHARACTER_BYTE_LENGTH = 4
@contextlib.contextmanager
def _tty_reset(file_descriptor):
"""
A context manager that saves the tty flags of a file descriptor upon
entering and restores them upon exiting.
"""
old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(file_descriptor)
try:
yield
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(file_descriptor, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)
def get_character(file=sys.stdin):
"""
Read a single character from the given input stream (defaults to sys.stdin).
"""
file_descriptor = file.fileno()
with _tty_reset(file_descriptor):
tty.setcbreak(file_descriptor)
return os.read(file_descriptor, _MAX_CHARACTER_BYTE_LENGTH)
另一种方法:
import os
import sys
import termios
import fcntl
def getch():
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
oldterm = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
newattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
newattr[3] = newattr[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)
oldflags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)
fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags | os.O_NONBLOCK)
try:
while 1:
try:
c = sys.stdin.read(1)
break
except IOError: pass
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, oldterm)
fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags)
return c
摘自这篇博文。
TL;DR:这是你的无依赖跨平台最大密度复制面糊
我知道我一直在找☝️。你从谷歌来到这里,想要一些不需要pip安装这个和那个就能工作的东西?我相当肯定这个解决方案将继续工作很长一段时间。
示例使用
>>> getch_but_it_actually_works() # just normal key like a
'a'
>>> getch_but_it_actually_works() # a but its shift or capslock
'A'
>>> getch_but_it_actually_works() # just bare enter
'\r'
>>> getch_but_it_actually_works() # literal ESC key
'\x1b'
>>> getch_but_it_actually_works() # one of the arrow keys on linux
'\x1b[A'
>>> getch_but_it_actually_works() # one of the arrow keys on windows
'àK'
>>> getch_but_it_actually_works() # some really obscure key-combo. still works.
'\x1b[19;6~'
跨平台解决方案,无外部依赖
滚动到更详细的答案在结束理智的缩进和评论。这是最大密度预览,便于复制粘贴。只需调用getch_but_it_actually_works()
import os
def _read_one_wide_char_win(): return msvcrt.getwch()
def _char_can_be_escape_win(char): return True if char in ("\x00", "à") else False
def _dump_keyboard_buff_win():
try: msvcrt.ungetwch("a")
except OSError: return msvcrt.getwch()
else: _ = msvcrt.getwch(); return ""
def _read_one_wide_char_nix():
old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdin.fileno()); tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno())
wchar = sys.stdin.read(1)
termios.tcsetattr(sys.stdin.fileno(), termios.TCSANOW, old_settings); return wchar
def _char_can_be_escape_nix(char): return True if char == "\x1b" else False
def _dump_keyboard_buff_nix():
old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdin.fileno())
tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno()); os.set_blocking(sys.stdin.fileno(), False)
buffer_dump = ""
while char := sys.stdin.read(1): buffer_dump += char
os.set_blocking(sys.stdin.fileno(), True); termios.tcsetattr(sys.stdin.fileno(), termios.TCSANOW, old_settings)
if buffer_dump: return buffer_dump
else: return ""
if os.name == "nt":
import msvcrt
read_one_wdchar, char_can_escape, dump_key_buffer = _read_one_wide_char_win, _char_can_be_escape_win, _dump_keyboard_buff_win
if os.name == "posix":
import termios, tty, sys
read_one_wdchar, char_can_escape, dump_key_buffer = _read_one_wide_char_nix, _char_can_be_escape_nix, _dump_keyboard_buff_nix
def getch_but_it_actually_works():
wchar = read_one_wdchar()
if char_can_escape(wchar): dump = dump_key_buffer(); return wchar + dump
else: return wchar
答案很长,代码带有注释和合理的缩进
这里是所有评论的长答案。仍然没有依赖关系。
这很可能在linux和windows上工作很长一段时间。没有外部依赖,只有内置。
它还将处理边缘情况,如敲击方向键或一些模糊的东西,如<ctrl + shift + f12>,这将在linux和windows上产生很长的ANSI转义序列。它将捕获诸如<ctrl+x>或<ctrl+z>或tab或F1-12作为单个输入
这些年来,我已经回到这个帖子上几十次了,所以现在是时候把两分钱和利息还给我了。下面是完整的注释代码。
这个例子有点长,但您可以跳过阅读大部分内容。相关的位在最后,你可以复制粘贴整个东西。
import os
def _read_one_wide_char_win():
"""Wait keyhit return chr. Get only 1st chr if multipart key like arrow"""
return msvcrt.getwch()
def _char_can_be_escape_win(char):
"""Return true if char could start a multipart key code (e.g.: arrows)"""
return True if char in ("\x00", "à") else False # \x00 is null character
def _dump_keyboard_buff_win():
"""If piece of multipart keycode in buffer, return it. Else return None"""
try: # msvcrt.kbhit wont work with msvcrt.getwch
msvcrt.ungetwch("a") # check buffer status by ungetching wchr
except OSError: # ungetch fails > something in buffer so >
return msvcrt.getwch() # return the buffer note: win multipart keys
else: # are always 2 parts. if ungetwch does not fail
_ = msvcrt.getwch() # clean up and return empty string
return ""
def _read_one_wide_char_nix():
"""Wait keyhit return chr. Get only 1st chr if multipart key like arrow"""
old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdin.fileno()) # save settings
tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno()) # set raw mode to catch raw key w/o enter
wchar = sys.stdin.read(1)
termios.tcsetattr(sys.stdin.fileno(), termios.TCSANOW, old_settings)
return wchar
def _char_can_be_escape_nix(char):
"""Return true if char could start a multipart key code (e.g.: arrows)"""
return True if char == "\x1b" else False # "\x1b" is literal esc-key
def _dump_keyboard_buff_nix():
"""If parts of multipart keycode in buffer, return them. Otherwise None"""
old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdin.fileno()) # save settings
tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno()) # raw to read single key w/o enter
os.set_blocking(sys.stdin.fileno(), False) # dont block for empty buffer
buffer_dump = ""
while char := sys.stdin.read(1):
buffer_dump += char
os.set_blocking(sys.stdin.fileno(), True) # restore normal settings
termios.tcsetattr(sys.stdin.fileno(), termios.TCSANOW, old_settings)
if buffer_dump:
return buffer_dump
else:
return ""
if os.name == "nt":
import msvcrt
read_one_wdchar = _read_one_wide_char_win
char_can_escape = _char_can_be_escape_win
dump_key_buffer = _dump_keyboard_buff_win
if os.name == "posix":
import termios
import tty
import sys
read_one_wdchar = _read_one_wide_char_nix
char_can_escape = _char_can_be_escape_nix
dump_key_buffer = _dump_keyboard_buff_nix
def getch_but_it_actually_works():
"""Returns a printable character or a keycode corresponding to special key
like arrow or insert. Compatible with windows and linux, no external libs
except for builtins. Uses different builtins for windows and linux.
This function is more accurately called:
"get_wide_character_or_keycode_if_the_key_was_nonprintable()"
e.g.:
* returns "e" if e was pressed
* returns "E" if shift or capslock was on
* returns "x1b[19;6~'" for ctrl + shift + F8 on unix
You can use string.isprintable() if you need to sometimes print the output
and sometimes use it for menu control and such. Printing raw ansi escape
codes can cause your terminal to do things like move cursor three rows up.
Enter will return "\ r" on all platforms (without the space seen here)
as the enter key will produce carriage return, but windows and linux
interpret it differently in different contexts on higher level
"""
wchar = read_one_wdchar() # get first char from key press or key combo
if char_can_escape(wchar): # if char is escapecode, more may be waiting
dump = dump_key_buffer() # dump buffer to check if more were waiting.
return wchar + dump # return escape+buffer. buff could be just ""
else: # if buffer was empty then we return a single
return wchar # key like "e" or "\x1b" for the ESC button
如果我在做一些复杂的事情,我会使用诅咒来读取键。但很多时候,我只是想要一个简单的Python 3脚本,使用标准库,可以读取方向键,所以我这样做:
import sys, termios, tty
key_Enter = 13
key_Esc = 27
key_Up = '\033[A'
key_Dn = '\033[B'
key_Rt = '\033[C'
key_Lt = '\033[D'
fdInput = sys.stdin.fileno()
termAttr = termios.tcgetattr(0)
def getch():
tty.setraw(fdInput)
ch = sys.stdin.buffer.raw.read(4).decode(sys.stdin.encoding)
if len(ch) == 1:
if ord(ch) < 32 or ord(ch) > 126:
ch = ord(ch)
elif ord(ch[0]) == 27:
ch = '\033' + ch[1:]
termios.tcsetattr(fdInput, termios.TCSADRAIN, termAttr)
return ch
(目前)排名第一的答案(带有ActiveState代码)过于复杂。当仅仅一个函数就足够了时,我不认为有理由使用类。下面是两个实现,它们实现了相同的功能,但代码可读性更强。
这两个实现:
可以在python2或python3中正常工作 可以在Windows, OSX和Linux上工作 只读取一个字节(即,它们不等待换行符) 不要依赖任何外部库 是自包含的(没有函数定义之外的代码)
版本1:易读且简单
def getChar():
try:
# for Windows-based systems
import msvcrt # If successful, we are on Windows
return msvcrt.getch()
except ImportError:
# for POSIX-based systems (with termios & tty support)
import tty, sys, termios # raises ImportError if unsupported
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
oldSettings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
try:
tty.setcbreak(fd)
answer = sys.stdin.read(1)
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, oldSettings)
return answer
版本2:避免重复导入和异常处理:
[编辑]我错过了ActiveState代码的一个优点。如果您计划多次读取字符,该代码可以避免在类unix系统上重复Windows导入和ImportError异常处理的成本(可以忽略不计)。虽然你可能应该更关心代码的可读性,而不是可以忽略的优化,这里有一个替代方案(它类似于Louis的答案,但getChar()是自包含的),它的功能与ActiveState代码相同,更可读:
def getChar():
# figure out which function to use once, and store it in _func
if "_func" not in getChar.__dict__:
try:
# for Windows-based systems
import msvcrt # If successful, we are on Windows
getChar._func=msvcrt.getch
except ImportError:
# for POSIX-based systems (with termios & tty support)
import tty, sys, termios # raises ImportError if unsupported
def _ttyRead():
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
oldSettings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
try:
tty.setcbreak(fd)
answer = sys.stdin.read(1)
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, oldSettings)
return answer
getChar._func=_ttyRead
return getChar._func()
使用上述getChar()版本的示例代码:
from __future__ import print_function # put at top of file if using Python 2
# Example of a prompt for one character of input
promptStr = "Please give me a character:"
responseStr = "Thank you for giving me a '{}'."
print(promptStr, end="\n> ")
answer = getChar()
print("\n")
print(responseStr.format(answer))
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