利斯科夫替换原则(来自Mark Seemann的书)指出，我们应该能够在不破坏客户端或实现的情况下，用另一个接口的实现替换一个接口的实现。正是这一原则使我们能够解决未来出现的需求，即使我们今天不能预见它们。

If we unplug the computer from the wall (Implementation), neither the wall outlet (Interface) nor the computer (Client) breaks down (in fact, if it’s a laptop computer, it can even run on its batteries for a period of time). With software, however, a client often expects a service to be available. If the service was removed, we get a NullReferenceException. To deal with this type of situation, we can create an implementation of an interface that does “nothing.” This is a design pattern known as Null Object,[4] and it corresponds roughly to unplugging the computer from the wall. Because we’re using loose coupling, we can replace a real implementation with something that does nothing without causing trouble.

利斯科夫替换原则(来自Mark Seemann的书)指出，我们应该能够在不破坏客户端或实现的情况下，用另一个接口的实现替换一个接口的实现。正是这一原则使我们能够解决未来出现的需求，即使我们今天不能预见它们。

If we unplug the computer from the wall (Implementation), neither the wall outlet (Interface) nor the computer (Client) breaks down (in fact, if it’s a laptop computer, it can even run on its batteries for a period of time). With software, however, a client often expects a service to be available. If the service was removed, we get a NullReferenceException. To deal with this type of situation, we can create an implementation of an interface that does “nothing.” This is a design pattern known as Null Object,[4] and it corresponds roughly to unplugging the computer from the wall. Because we’re using loose coupling, we can replace a real implementation with something that does nothing without causing trouble.

让我们用Java来说明:

class TrasportationDevice
{
   String name;
   String getName() { ... }
   void setName(String n) { ... }

   double speed;
   double getSpeed() { ... }
   void setSpeed(double d) { ... }

   Engine engine;
   Engine getEngine() { ... }
   void setEngine(Engine e) { ... }

   void startEngine() { ... }
}

class Car extends TransportationDevice
{
   @Override
   void startEngine() { ... }
}

这里没有问题，对吧?汽车绝对是一种交通工具，在这里我们可以看到它重写了其超类的startEngine()方法。

让我们添加另一个交通工具:

class Bicycle extends TransportationDevice
{
   @Override
   void startEngine() /*problem!*/
}

现在一切都不按计划进行了!是的，自行车是一种交通工具，但是，它没有发动机，因此，startEngine()方法不能实现。

这些都是违反利斯科夫代换法的问题 原则导致，他们通常可以被一个公认的 方法，该方法什么也不做，甚至不能实现。

这些问题的解决方案是一个正确的继承层次结构，在我们的例子中，我们将通过区分带引擎和不带引擎的运输设备类别来解决问题。尽管自行车是一种交通工具，但它没有发动机。在这个例子中，我们对交通工具的定义是错误的。它不应该有引擎。

我们可以像下面这样重构TransportationDevice类:

class TrasportationDevice
{
   String name;
   String getName() { ... }
   void setName(String n) { ... }

   double speed;
   double getSpeed() { ... }
   void setSpeed(double d) { ... }
}

现在我们可以为非机动设备扩展TransportationDevice。

class DevicesWithoutEngines extends TransportationDevice
{  
   void startMoving() { ... }
}

并为机动设备扩展TransportationDevice。这里更适合添加Engine对象。

class DevicesWithEngines extends TransportationDevice
{  
   Engine engine;
   Engine getEngine() { ... }
   void setEngine(Engine e) { ... }

   void startEngine() { ... }
}

因此，我们的Car类变得更加专门化，同时坚持利斯科夫替换原则。

class Car extends DevicesWithEngines
{
   @Override
   void startEngine() { ... }
}

我们的Bicycle类也遵循利斯科夫替换原理。

class Bicycle extends DevicesWithoutEngines
{
   @Override
   void startMoving() { ... }
}

Liskov's Substitution Principle(LSP) All the time we design a program module and we create some class hierarchies. Then we extend some classes creating some derived classes. We must make sure that the new derived classes just extend without replacing the functionality of old classes. Otherwise, the new classes can produce undesired effects when they are used in existing program modules. Liskov's Substitution Principle states that if a program module is using a Base class, then the reference to the Base class can be replaced with a Derived class without affecting the functionality of the program module.

例子:

Below is the classic example for which the Liskov's Substitution Principle is violated. In the example, 2 classes are used: Rectangle and Square. Let's assume that the Rectangle object is used somewhere in the application. We extend the application and add the Square class. The square class is returned by a factory pattern, based on some conditions and we don't know the exact what type of object will be returned. But we know it's a Rectangle. We get the rectangle object, set the width to 5 and height to 10 and get the area. For a rectangle with width 5 and height 10, the area should be 50. Instead, the result will be 100

    // Violation of Likov's Substitution Principle
class Rectangle {
    protected int m_width;
    protected int m_height;

    public void setWidth(int width) {
        m_width = width;
    }

    public void setHeight(int height) {
        m_height = height;
    }

    public int getWidth() {
        return m_width;
    }

    public int getHeight() {
        return m_height;
    }

    public int getArea() {
        return m_width * m_height;
    }
}

class Square extends Rectangle {
    public void setWidth(int width) {
        m_width = width;
        m_height = width;
    }

    public void setHeight(int height) {
        m_width = height;
        m_height = height;
    }

}

class LspTest {
    private static Rectangle getNewRectangle() {
        // it can be an object returned by some factory ...
        return new Square();
    }

    public static void main(String args[]) {
        Rectangle r = LspTest.getNewRectangle();

        r.setWidth(5);
        r.setHeight(10);
        // user knows that r it's a rectangle.
        // It assumes that he's able to set the width and height as for the base
        // class

        System.out.println(r.getArea());
        // now he's surprised to see that the area is 100 instead of 50.
    }
}

结论: 这个原则只是开闭原则的延伸 意味着我们必须确保新的派生类正在扩展 基类而不改变它们的行为。

参见:开闭原则

对于更好的结构，还有一些类似的概念:约定优于配置

LSP关注不变量。

经典示例由以下伪代码声明给出(实现略):

class Rectangle {
    int getHeight()
    void setHeight(int value) {
        postcondition: width didn’t change
    }
    int getWidth()
    void setWidth(int value) {
        postcondition: height didn’t change
    }
}

class Square extends Rectangle { }

现在我们有一个问题，尽管接口匹配。原因是我们违反了源自正方形和矩形数学定义的不变量。getter和setter的工作方式，矩形应该满足以下不变量:

void invariant(Rectangle r) {
    r.setHeight(200)
    r.setWidth(100)
    assert(r.getHeight() == 200 and r.getWidth() == 100)
}

然而，Square的正确实现必须违反这个不变量(以及显式后置条件)，因此它不是Rectangle的有效替代品。

在一个非常简单的句子中，我们可以说:

子类不能违背它的基类特征。它必须有能力。我们可以说这和子类型是一样的。