在我的开发盒上有这种限制是非常令人讨厌的,因为除了我之外再也没有其他用户了。
我知道一些标准的变通办法,但没有一个能完全满足我的要求:
authbind (Debian测试中的版本,1.0,仅支持IPv4)
使用iptables REDIRECT目标将低端口重定向到高端口(iptables的IPv6版本ip6tables尚未实现“nat”表)
sudo(作为根是我试图避免的)
SELinux(或类似的)。(这只是我的开发框,我不想引入很多额外的复杂性。)
是否有一些简单的sysctl变量允许非根进程绑定到Linux上的“特权”端口(端口小于1024),或者我只是运气不好?
编辑:在某些情况下,您可以使用功能来做到这一点。
我尝试了iptables PREROUTING REDIRECT方法。在旧的内核中,IPv6似乎不支持这种类型的规则。但显然,现在ip6tables v1.4.18和Linux内核v3.8支持它。
我还发现PREROUTING REDIRECT对机器内启动的连接不起作用。要处理来自本地机器的连接,还需要添加一个OUTPUT规则-参见iptables端口重定向不适用于本地主机。例如:
iptables -t nat -I OUTPUT -o lo -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT --to-port 8080
I also found that PREROUTING REDIRECT also affects forwarded packets. That is, if the machine is also forwarding packets between interfaces (e.g. if it's acting as a Wi-Fi access point connected to an Ethernet network), then the iptables rule will also catch connected clients' connections to Internet destinations, and redirect them to the machine. That's not what I wanted—I only wanted to redirect connections that were directed to the machine itself. I found I can make it only affect packets addressed to the box, by adding -m addrtype --dst-type LOCAL. E.g. something like:
iptables -A PREROUTING -t nat -p tcp --dport 80 -m addrtype --dst-type LOCAL -j REDIRECT --to-port 8080
另一种可能是使用TCP端口转发。例如使用socat:
socat TCP4-LISTEN:www,reuseaddr,fork TCP4:localhost:8080
然而,这种方法的一个缺点是,在端口8080上侦听的应用程序不知道传入连接的源地址(例如用于日志记录或其他识别目的)。
好的,感谢那些指出系统和CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE功能的人。如果您有一个最新的内核,确实可以使用它来以非root身份启动服务,但绑定低端口。简单的回答是:
setcap 'cap_net_bind_service=+ep' /path/to/program
然后在任何程序执行之后,它都将具有CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE能力。Setcap在debian包libcap2-bin中。
现在要注意的是:
You will need at least a 2.6.24 kernel
This won't work if your file is a script. (i.e. uses a #! line to launch an interpreter). In this case, as far I as understand, you'd have to apply the capability to the interpreter executable itself, which of course is a security nightmare, since any program using that interpreter will have the capability. I wasn't able to find any clean, easy way to work around this problem.
Linux will disable LD_LIBRARY_PATH on any program that has elevated privileges like setcap or suid. So if your program uses its own .../lib/, you might have to look into another option like port forwarding.
资源:
能力(7)手册页。如果您打算在生产环境中使用功能,请仔细阅读这篇文章。这里详细介绍了如何在exec()调用之间继承功能的一些非常棘手的细节。
Setcap手册页
“在GNU/Linux上绑定1024以下的端口,没有根”:第一次让我想到setcap的文档。
注意:RHEL首次在v6中添加了这个功能。