负载均衡器:kubernetes LoadBalancer服务是一种指向外部负载均衡器的服务，这些负载均衡器不在kubernetes集群中，但存在于其他地方。它们可以与您的舱一起工作，假设您的舱是外部可路由的。谷歌和AWS在本地提供此功能。就Amazon而言，当在AWS中运行时，它直接与ELB和kubernetes映射，可以为部署的每个LoadBalancer服务自动提供和配置ELB实例。

Ingress: Ingress实际上就是一组要传递给正在监听它们的控制器的规则。你可以部署一堆入口规则，但是除非你有一个可以处理它们的控制器，否则什么都不会发生。LoadBalancer服务可以监听入口规则，如果它被配置为这样做的话。

您还可以创建NodePort服务，该服务在集群外有一个外部可路由的IP，但指向集群内存在的pod。这可能是一个入口控制器。

入口控制器是一个简单的pod，它被配置为解释入口规则。kubernetes支持的最流行的入口控制器之一是nginx。在Amazon方面，ALB可以用作入口控制器。

例如，这个nginx控制器能够摄取你定义的入口规则，并将它们转换为nginx.conf文件，并在它的pod中加载和启动。

假设你定义了一个入口，如下所示:

apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
   ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
 name: web-ingress
spec:
  rules:
  - host: kubernetes.foo.bar
    http:
      paths:
      - backend:
          serviceName: appsvc
          servicePort: 80
        path: /app

如果你检查你的nginx控制器pod，你会看到/etc/nginx.conf中定义了以下规则:

server {
    server_name kubernetes.foo.bar;
    listen 80;
    listen [::]:80;
    set $proxy_upstream_name "-";
    location ~* ^/web2\/?(?<baseuri>.*) {
        set $proxy_upstream_name "apps-web2svc-8080";
        port_in_redirect off;

        client_max_body_size                    "1m";

        proxy_set_header Host                   $best_http_host;

        # Pass the extracted client certificate to the backend

        # Allow websocket connections
        proxy_set_header                        Upgrade           $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header                        Connection        $connection_upgrade;

        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP              $the_real_ip;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For        $the_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host       $best_http_host;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Port       $pass_port;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto      $pass_access_scheme;
        proxy_set_header X-Original-URI         $request_uri;
        proxy_set_header X-Scheme               $pass_access_scheme;

        # mitigate HTTPoxy Vulnerability
        # https://www.nginx.com/blog/mitigating-the-httpoxy-vulnerability-with-nginx/
        proxy_set_header Proxy                  "";

        # Custom headers

        proxy_connect_timeout                   5s;
        proxy_send_timeout                      60s;
        proxy_read_timeout                      60s;

        proxy_redirect                          off;
        proxy_buffering                         off;
        proxy_buffer_size                       "4k";
        proxy_buffers                           4 "4k";

        proxy_http_version                      1.1;

        proxy_cookie_domain                     off;
        proxy_cookie_path                       off;

    rewrite /app/(.*) /$1 break;
    rewrite /app / break;
    proxy_pass http://apps-appsvc-8080;
    
    }

Nginx刚刚创建了一条规则，将http://kubernetes.foo.bar/app路由到集群中的服务appsvc。

下面是一个如何使用nginx入口控制器实现kubernetes集群的示例。

我强烈推荐阅读NodePort vs LoadBalancer vs Ingress?知识++

pod有自己的IP:PORT，但它本质上是动态的，如果删除或重新部署会发生变化。

服务被分配ClusterIPor NodePort(创建服务资源的虚拟机中的端口)，可以映射到一组pod或其他后端[参见:无头服务]

要访问正确的Pod，请使用ClusterIP(从集群内部) NodePort可以用于从集群外部访问pods

LoadBalancer[外部/内部]:由云提供商提供，指向ClusterIP或NodePort。您可以通过LB的IP访问该服务

LB ~> SERVICE(ClusterIP或NodePort) ~> POD

入口资源是集群的入口点。负载均衡可以侦听入路规则，并路由到特定的服务。[请看这个例子]

LB(Ingress-managed) ~> SERVICE(ClusterIP或NodePort) ~> POD

简单地说，负载均衡器将请求分配给多个后端服务(相同类型)，而入口更像一个API网关(反向代理)，它根据URL将请求路由到特定的后端服务。

我发现了一篇非常有趣的文章，它解释了NodePort、LoadBalancer和Ingress之间的区别。

从文章的内容来看:

loadbalance:

A LoadBalancer service is the standard way to expose a service to the internet. On GKE, this will spin up a Network Load Balancer that will give you a single IP address that will forward all traffic to your service. If you want to directly expose a service, this is the default method. All traffic on the port you specify will be forwarded to the service. There is no filtering, no routing, etc. This means you can send almost any kind of traffic to it, like HTTP, TCP, UDP, Websockets, gRPC, or whatever. The big downside is that each service you expose with a LoadBalancer will get its own IP address, and you have to pay for a LoadBalancer per exposed service, which can get expensive!

入口:

Ingress is actually NOT a type of service. Instead, it sits in front of multiple services and act as a “smart router” or entrypoint into your cluster. You can do a lot of different things with an Ingress, and there are many types of Ingress controllers that have different capabilities. The default GKE ingress controller will spin up a HTTP(S) Load Balancer for you. This will let you do both path based and subdomain based routing to backend services. For example, you can send everything on foo.yourdomain.example to the foo service, and everything under the yourdomain.example/bar/ path to the bar service. Ingress is probably the most powerful way to expose your services, but can also be the most complicated. There are many types of Ingress controllers, from the Google Cloud Load Balancer, Nginx, Contour, Istio, and more. There are also plugins for Ingress controllers, like the cert-manager, that can automatically provision SSL certificates for your services. Ingress is the most useful if you want to expose multiple services under the same IP address, and these services all use the same L7 protocol (typically HTTP). You only pay for one load balancer if you are using the native GCP integration, and because Ingress is “smart” you can get a lot of features out of the box (like SSL, Auth, Routing, etc)

Loadbalancer服务:是一个四层代理(TCP, UDP，..)。它运行在Kubernetes集群网络之外。它没有第七层的功能:断路器，测量请求的数量，请求的延迟，失败，路由，…

ingress:是一个第七层代理(http, https, gRPC，..)。它是Kubernetes集群网络中pod中的一个应用程序。如果入口pod死亡，Kubernetes将重新启动它或将其移动到集群中的其他节点。