Loadbalancer服务:是一个四层代理(TCP, UDP，..)。它运行在Kubernetes集群网络之外。它没有第七层的功能:断路器，测量请求的数量，请求的延迟，失败，路由，…

ingress:是一个第七层代理(http, https, gRPC，..)。它是Kubernetes集群网络中pod中的一个应用程序。如果入口pod死亡，Kubernetes将重新启动它或将其移动到集群中的其他节点。

简单地说，负载均衡器将请求分配给多个后端服务(相同类型)，而入口更像一个API网关(反向代理)，它根据URL将请求路由到特定的后端服务。

我发现了一篇非常有趣的文章，它解释了NodePort、LoadBalancer和Ingress之间的区别。

从文章的内容来看:

loadbalance:

A LoadBalancer service is the standard way to expose a service to the internet. On GKE, this will spin up a Network Load Balancer that will give you a single IP address that will forward all traffic to your service. If you want to directly expose a service, this is the default method. All traffic on the port you specify will be forwarded to the service. There is no filtering, no routing, etc. This means you can send almost any kind of traffic to it, like HTTP, TCP, UDP, Websockets, gRPC, or whatever. The big downside is that each service you expose with a LoadBalancer will get its own IP address, and you have to pay for a LoadBalancer per exposed service, which can get expensive!

入口:

Ingress is actually NOT a type of service. Instead, it sits in front of multiple services and act as a “smart router” or entrypoint into your cluster. You can do a lot of different things with an Ingress, and there are many types of Ingress controllers that have different capabilities. The default GKE ingress controller will spin up a HTTP(S) Load Balancer for you. This will let you do both path based and subdomain based routing to backend services. For example, you can send everything on foo.yourdomain.example to the foo service, and everything under the yourdomain.example/bar/ path to the bar service. Ingress is probably the most powerful way to expose your services, but can also be the most complicated. There are many types of Ingress controllers, from the Google Cloud Load Balancer, Nginx, Contour, Istio, and more. There are also plugins for Ingress controllers, like the cert-manager, that can automatically provision SSL certificates for your services. Ingress is the most useful if you want to expose multiple services under the same IP address, and these services all use the same L7 protocol (typically HTTP). You only pay for one load balancer if you are using the native GCP integration, and because Ingress is “smart” you can get a lot of features out of the box (like SSL, Auth, Routing, etc)

我强烈推荐阅读NodePort vs LoadBalancer vs Ingress?知识++

pod有自己的IP:PORT，但它本质上是动态的，如果删除或重新部署会发生变化。

服务被分配ClusterIPor NodePort(创建服务资源的虚拟机中的端口)，可以映射到一组pod或其他后端[参见:无头服务]

要访问正确的Pod，请使用ClusterIP(从集群内部) NodePort可以用于从集群外部访问pods

LoadBalancer[外部/内部]:由云提供商提供，指向ClusterIP或NodePort。您可以通过LB的IP访问该服务

LB ~> SERVICE(ClusterIP或NodePort) ~> POD

入口资源是集群的入口点。负载均衡可以侦听入路规则，并路由到特定的服务。[请看这个例子]

LB(Ingress-managed) ~> SERVICE(ClusterIP或NodePort) ~> POD

由于入口控制器运行在集群内部，具有查询和列出服务的clusterrole权限，因此它有能力发现未在外部公开的服务。这有助于根据入口规则将来自外部源的请求路由到正确的服务。