可能没有缓冲I/O那么快，但是非常简洁:

    String content;
    try (Scanner scanner = new Scanner(textFile).useDelimiter("\\Z")) {
        content = scanner.next();
    }

\Z模式告诉扫描器分隔符是EOF。

org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils中的方法也可能非常方便，例如:

/**
 * Reads the contents of a file line by line to a List
 * of Strings using the default encoding for the VM.
 */
static List readLines(File file)

我最喜欢的读取小文件的方法是使用BufferedReader和StringBuilder。它非常简单和切中要害(虽然不是特别有效，但对大多数情况来说已经足够好了):

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt"));
try {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    String line = br.readLine();

    while (line != null) {
        sb.append(line);
        sb.append(System.lineSeparator());
        line = br.readLine();
    }
    String everything = sb.toString();
} finally {
    br.close();
}

有人指出，在Java 7之后，你应该使用try-with-resources(即自动关闭)功能:

try(BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt"))) {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    String line = br.readLine();

    while (line != null) {
        sb.append(line);
        sb.append(System.lineSeparator());
        line = br.readLine();
    }
    String everything = sb.toString();
}

当我读取这样的字符串时，我通常希望每行都做一些字符串处理，所以我选择了这个实现。

虽然如果我只是想将文件读入字符串，我总是使用Apache Commons IO和类IOUtils.toString()方法。你可以在这里查看源代码:

http://www.docjar.com/html/api/org/apache/commons/io/IOUtils.java.html

FileInputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream("foo.txt");
try {
    String everything = IOUtils.toString(inputStream);
} finally {
    inputStream.close();
}

在Java 7中甚至更简单:

try(FileInputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream("foo.txt")) {     
    String everything = IOUtils.toString(inputStream);
    // do something with everything string
}

我必须以不同的方式进行基准测试。我将对我的发现进行评论，但简而言之，最快的方法是在FileInputStream上使用普通的BufferedInputStream。如果必须读取许多文件，那么三个线程将使总执行时间减少大约一半，但是增加更多的线程将逐渐降低性能，直到使用20个线程完成的时间比仅使用一个线程完成的时间长3倍。

假设您必须读取文件并对其内容执行一些有意义的操作。在示例中，我们从日志中读取行，并计算包含超过一定阈值的行。因此，我假设一行Java 8 Files.lines(Paths.get("/path/to/file.txt"))。Map (line -> line.split(";"))不是一个选项。

我在Java 1.8、Windows 7以及SSD和HDD驱动器上进行了测试。

我写了六个不同的实现:

rawParse:在FileInputStream上使用BufferedInputStream，然后一个字节一个字节地读取切行。这优于任何其他单线程方法，但对于非ascii文件可能非常不方便。

lineReaderParse:在FileReader上使用BufferedReader，逐行读取，通过调用String.split()分割行。这比rawParse慢了大约20%。

linereaderparsepar列:这与lineReaderParse相同，但它使用几个线程。在所有情况下，这是最快的选择。

nioFilesParse:使用java.nio.files.Files.lines()

nioAsyncParse:使用带有完成处理程序和线程池的AsynchronousFileChannel。

nioMemoryMappedParse:使用内存映射文件。这确实是一个糟糕的想法，导致执行时间比任何其他实现都要长至少三倍。

这是在四核i7和SSD驱动器上读取204个4mb文件的平均时间。这些文件是动态生成的，以避免磁盘缓存。

rawParse                11.10 sec
lineReaderParse         13.86 sec
lineReaderParseParallel  6.00 sec
nioFilesParse           13.52 sec
nioAsyncParse           16.06 sec
nioMemoryMappedParse    37.68 sec

我发现在SSD或HDD驱动器上运行的差异比我预期的要小，SSD大约快15%。这可能是因为文件是在一个未分片的硬盘上生成的，并且它们是按顺序读取的，因此旋转驱动器可以像SSD一样执行。

我对nioAsyncParse实现的低性能感到惊讶。要么是我以错误的方式实现了某些东西，要么是使用NIO和完成处理程序的多线程实现与使用java的单线程实现执行相同(甚至更差)。io API。此外，使用CompletionHandler的异步解析代码行要比在旧流上直接实现的代码行长得多，而且要正确实现也比较棘手。

现在，这六个实现后面跟着一个包含它们的类，再加上一个可参数化的main()方法，该方法允许处理文件数量、文件大小和并发度。注意，文件的大小变化为正负20%。这是为了避免由于所有文件大小完全相同而造成的任何影响。

rawParse

public void rawParse(final String targetDir, final int numberOfFiles) throws IOException, ParseException {
    overrunCount = 0;
    final int dl = (int) ';';
    StringBuffer lineBuffer = new StringBuffer(1024);
    for (int f=0; f<numberOfFiles; f++) {
        File fl = new File(targetDir+filenamePreffix+String.valueOf(f)+".txt");
        FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(fl);
        BufferedInputStream bin = new BufferedInputStream(fin);
        int character;
        while((character=bin.read())!=-1) {
            if (character==dl) {

                // Here is where something is done with each line
                doSomethingWithRawLine(lineBuffer.toString());
                lineBuffer.setLength(0);
            }
            else {
                lineBuffer.append((char) character);
            }
        }
        bin.close();
        fin.close();
    }
}

public final void doSomethingWithRawLine(String line) throws ParseException {
    // What to do for each line
    int fieldNumber = 0;
    final int len = line.length();
    StringBuffer fieldBuffer = new StringBuffer(256);
    for (int charPos=0; charPos<len; charPos++) {
        char c = line.charAt(charPos);
        if (c==DL0) {
            String fieldValue = fieldBuffer.toString();
            if (fieldValue.length()>0) {
                switch (fieldNumber) {
                    case 0:
                        Date dt = fmt.parse(fieldValue);
                        fieldNumber++;
                        break;
                    case 1:
                        double d = Double.parseDouble(fieldValue);
                        fieldNumber++;
                        break;
                    case 2:
                        int t = Integer.parseInt(fieldValue);
                        fieldNumber++;
                        break;
                    case 3:
                        if (fieldValue.equals("overrun"))
                            overrunCount++;
                        break;
                }
            }
            fieldBuffer.setLength(0);
        }
        else {
            fieldBuffer.append(c);
        }
    }
}

lineReaderParse

public void lineReaderParse(final String targetDir, final int numberOfFiles) throws IOException, ParseException {
    String line;
    for (int f=0; f<numberOfFiles; f++) {
        File fl = new File(targetDir+filenamePreffix+String.valueOf(f)+".txt");
        FileReader frd = new FileReader(fl);
        BufferedReader brd = new BufferedReader(frd);

        while ((line=brd.readLine())!=null)
            doSomethingWithLine(line);
        brd.close();
        frd.close();
    }
}

public final void doSomethingWithLine(String line) throws ParseException {
    // Example of what to do for each line
    String[] fields = line.split(";");
    Date dt = fmt.parse(fields[0]);
    double d = Double.parseDouble(fields[1]);
    int t = Integer.parseInt(fields[2]);
    if (fields[3].equals("overrun"))
        overrunCount++;
}

lineReaderParseParallel

public void lineReaderParseParallel(final String targetDir, final int numberOfFiles, final int degreeOfParalelism) throws IOException, ParseException, InterruptedException {
    Thread[] pool = new Thread[degreeOfParalelism];
    int batchSize = numberOfFiles / degreeOfParalelism;
    for (int b=0; b<degreeOfParalelism; b++) {
        pool[b] = new LineReaderParseThread(targetDir, b*batchSize, b*batchSize+b*batchSize);
        pool[b].start();
    }
    for (int b=0; b<degreeOfParalelism; b++)
        pool[b].join();
}

class LineReaderParseThread extends Thread {

    private String targetDir;
    private int fileFrom;
    private int fileTo;
    private DateFormat fmt = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
    private int overrunCounter = 0;

    public LineReaderParseThread(String targetDir, int fileFrom, int fileTo) {
        this.targetDir = targetDir;
        this.fileFrom = fileFrom;
        this.fileTo = fileTo;
    }

    private void doSomethingWithTheLine(String line) throws ParseException {
        String[] fields = line.split(DL);
        Date dt = fmt.parse(fields[0]);
        double d = Double.parseDouble(fields[1]);
        int t = Integer.parseInt(fields[2]);
        if (fields[3].equals("overrun"))
            overrunCounter++;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        String line;
        for (int f=fileFrom; f<fileTo; f++) {
            File fl = new File(targetDir+filenamePreffix+String.valueOf(f)+".txt");
            try {
            FileReader frd = new FileReader(fl);
            BufferedReader brd = new BufferedReader(frd);
            while ((line=brd.readLine())!=null) {
                doSomethingWithTheLine(line);
            }
            brd.close();
            frd.close();
            } catch (IOException | ParseException ioe) { }
        }
    }
}

nioFilesParse

public void nioFilesParse(final String targetDir, final int numberOfFiles) throws IOException, ParseException {
    for (int f=0; f<numberOfFiles; f++) {
        Path ph = Paths.get(targetDir+filenamePreffix+String.valueOf(f)+".txt");
        Consumer<String> action = new LineConsumer();
        Stream<String> lines = Files.lines(ph);
        lines.forEach(action);
        lines.close();
    }
}


class LineConsumer implements Consumer<String> {

    @Override
    public void accept(String line) {

        // What to do for each line
        String[] fields = line.split(DL);
        if (fields.length>1) {
            try {
                Date dt = fmt.parse(fields[0]);
            }
            catch (ParseException e) {
            }
            double d = Double.parseDouble(fields[1]);
            int t = Integer.parseInt(fields[2]);
            if (fields[3].equals("overrun"))
                overrunCount++;
        }
    }
}

nioAsyncParse

public void nioAsyncParse(final String targetDir, final int numberOfFiles, final int numberOfThreads, final int bufferSize) throws IOException, ParseException, InterruptedException {
    ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor pool = new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(numberOfThreads);
    ConcurrentLinkedQueue<ByteBuffer> byteBuffers = new ConcurrentLinkedQueue<ByteBuffer>();

    for (int b=0; b<numberOfThreads; b++)
        byteBuffers.add(ByteBuffer.allocate(bufferSize));

    for (int f=0; f<numberOfFiles; f++) {
        consumerThreads.acquire();
        String fileName = targetDir+filenamePreffix+String.valueOf(f)+".txt";
        AsynchronousFileChannel channel = AsynchronousFileChannel.open(Paths.get(fileName), EnumSet.of(StandardOpenOption.READ), pool);
        BufferConsumer consumer = new BufferConsumer(byteBuffers, fileName, bufferSize);
        channel.read(consumer.buffer(), 0l, channel, consumer);
    }
    consumerThreads.acquire(numberOfThreads);
}


class BufferConsumer implements CompletionHandler<Integer, AsynchronousFileChannel> {

        private ConcurrentLinkedQueue<ByteBuffer> buffers;
        private ByteBuffer bytes;
        private String file;
        private StringBuffer chars;
        private int limit;
        private long position;
        private DateFormat frmt = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");

        public BufferConsumer(ConcurrentLinkedQueue<ByteBuffer> byteBuffers, String fileName, int bufferSize) {
            buffers = byteBuffers;
            bytes = buffers.poll();
            if (bytes==null)
                bytes = ByteBuffer.allocate(bufferSize);

            file = fileName;
            chars = new StringBuffer(bufferSize);
            frmt = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss");
            limit = bufferSize;
            position = 0l;
        }

        public ByteBuffer buffer() {
            return bytes;
        }

        @Override
        public synchronized void completed(Integer result, AsynchronousFileChannel channel) {

            if (result!=-1) {
                bytes.flip();
                final int len = bytes.limit();
                int i = 0;
                try {
                    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
                        byte by = bytes.get();
                        if (by=='\n') {
                            // ***
                            // The code used to process the line goes here
                            chars.setLength(0);
                        }
                        else {
                                chars.append((char) by);
                        }
                    }
                }
                catch (Exception x) {
                    System.out.println(
                        "Caught exception " + x.getClass().getName() + " " + x.getMessage() +
                        " i=" + String.valueOf(i) + ", limit=" + String.valueOf(len) +
                        ", position="+String.valueOf(position));
                }

                if (len==limit) {
                    bytes.clear();
                    position += len;
                    channel.read(bytes, position, channel, this);
                }
                else {
                    try {
                        channel.close();
                    }
                    catch (IOException e) {
                    }
                    consumerThreads.release();
                    bytes.clear();
                    buffers.add(bytes);
                }
            }
            else {
                try {
                    channel.close();
                }
                catch (IOException e) {
                }
                consumerThreads.release();
                bytes.clear();
                buffers.add(bytes);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void failed(Throwable e, AsynchronousFileChannel channel) {
        }
};

所有案例的完全可运行实现

https://github.com/sergiomt/javaiobenchmark/blob/master/FileReadBenchmark.java

这里有一个简单的解决方案:

String content = new String(Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get("sample.txt")));

或读作列表:

List<String> content = Files.readAllLines(Paths.get("sample.txt"))

在实践中，缓冲流类的性能要高得多，以至于NIO.2 API包含了专门返回这些流类的方法，部分原因是为了鼓励您始终在应用程序中使用缓冲流。

这里有一个例子:

Path path = Paths.get("/myfolder/myfile.ext");
try (BufferedReader reader = Files.newBufferedReader(path)) {
    // Read from the stream
    String currentLine = null;
    while ((currentLine = reader.readLine()) != null)
        //do your code here
} catch (IOException e) {
    // Handle file I/O exception...
}

您可以替换此代码

BufferedReader reader = Files.newBufferedReader(path);

与

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("/myfolder/myfile.ext"));

我推荐这篇文章来学习Java NIO和IO的主要用途。