这里有一个解决方案，它实际上是UPSERT (UPDATE或INSERT)，而不是INSERT或REPLACE(在许多情况下工作方式不同)。

它是这样工作的: 1. 如果存在具有相同Id的记录，请尝试更新。 2. 如果更新没有改变任何行(not EXISTS(SELECT changes() AS change FROM Contact WHERE change <> 0))，则插入该记录。

因此，要么更新现有记录，要么执行插入。

重要的细节是使用changes() SQL函数来检查更新语句是否命中任何现有记录，如果没有命中任何记录，则只执行插入语句。

需要提到的一点是changes()函数不会返回低级触发器执行的更改(请参阅http://sqlite.org/lang_corefunc.html#changes)，因此一定要考虑到这一点。

下面是SQL…

测试更新:

--Create sample table and records (and drop the table if it already exists)
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Contact;
CREATE TABLE [Contact] (
  [Id] INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, 
  [Name] TEXT
);
INSERT INTO Contact (Id, Name) VALUES (1, 'Mike');
INSERT INTO Contact (Id, Name) VALUES (2, 'John');

-- Try to update an existing record
UPDATE Contact
SET Name = 'Bob'
WHERE Id = 2;

-- If no record was changed by the update (meaning no record with the same Id existed), insert the record
INSERT INTO Contact (Id, Name)
SELECT 2, 'Bob'
WHERE NOT EXISTS(SELECT changes() AS change FROM Contact WHERE change <> 0);

--See the result
SELECT * FROM Contact;

测试插入:

--Create sample table and records (and drop the table if it already exists)
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Contact;
CREATE TABLE [Contact] (
  [Id] INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, 
  [Name] TEXT
);
INSERT INTO Contact (Id, Name) VALUES (1, 'Mike');
INSERT INTO Contact (Id, Name) VALUES (2, 'John');

-- Try to update an existing record
UPDATE Contact
SET Name = 'Bob'
WHERE Id = 3;

-- If no record was changed by the update (meaning no record with the same Id existed), insert the record
INSERT INTO Contact (Id, Name)
SELECT 3, 'Bob'
WHERE NOT EXISTS(SELECT changes() AS change FROM Contact WHERE change <> 0);

--See the result
SELECT * FROM Contact;

遵循Aristotle Pagaltzis和Eric B回答中的COALESCE思想，这里是一个upsert选项，用于仅更新少数列或在不存在时插入整行。

在这种情况下，想象一下标题和内容应该被更新，当存在时保持其他旧值，当没有找到name时插入提供的值:

说明id在INSERT时被强制为NULL，因为它应该是自动递增的。如果它只是一个生成的主键，那么也可以使用COALESCE(参见Aristotle Pagaltzis的注释)。

WITH new (id, name, title, content, author)
     AS ( VALUES(100, 'about', 'About this site', 'Whatever new content here', 42) )
INSERT OR REPLACE INTO page (id, name, title, content, author)
SELECT
     old.id, COALESCE(old.name, new.name),
     new.title, new.content,
     COALESCE(old.author, new.author)
FROM new LEFT JOIN page AS old ON new.name = old.name;

一般规则是，如果你想保留旧值，使用COALESCE，当你想更新值时，使用new。fieldname

这种方法混合了回答这个问题的一些其他方法，并结合了CTE(公共表表达式)的使用。我将介绍这个查询，然后解释我为什么这么做。

如果有员工300的话，我想把员工300的姓改成DAVIS。否则，我将增加一个新员工。

表名:员工 列:id、first_name、last_name

查询为:

INSERT OR REPLACE INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name)
WITH registered_employees AS ( --CTE for checking if the row exists or not
    SELECT --this is needed to ensure that the null row comes second
        *
    FROM (
        SELECT --an existing row
            *
        FROM
            employees
        WHERE
            employee_id = '300'

        UNION

        SELECT --a dummy row if the original cannot be found
            NULL AS employee_id,
            NULL AS first_name,
            NULL AS last_name
    )
    ORDER BY
        employee_id IS NULL --we want nulls to be last
    LIMIT 1 --we only want one row from this statement
)
SELECT --this is where you provide defaults for what you would like to insert
    registered_employees.employee_id, --if this is null the SQLite default will be used
    COALESCE(registered_employees.first_name, 'SALLY'),
    'DAVIS'
FROM
    registered_employees
;

基本上，我使用CTE来减少必须使用select语句来确定默认值的次数。因为这是一个CTE，所以我们只需要从表中选择我们想要的列，INSERT语句就使用了这一点。

现在可以通过将COALESCE函数中的空值替换为值来决定要使用的缺省值。

从3.24.0版本开始，SQLite支持UPSERT。

从文档中可以看到:

UPSERT是INSERT的一个特殊语法，如果INSERT违反唯一性约束，它会导致INSERT行为为UPDATE或no-op。UPSERT不是标准SQL。SQLite中的UPSERT遵循PostgreSQL建立的语法。UPSERT语法被添加到3.24.0版本的SQLite中(待定)。 UPSERT是一个普通的INSERT语句，后面跟着特殊的ON冲突子句

图片来源:https://www.sqlite.org/images/syntax/upsert-clause.gif

例子:

CREATE TABLE t1(id INT PRIMARY KEY, c TEXT);
INSERT INTO t1(id, c) VALUES (1,'a'), (2, 'b');
SELECT * FROM t1;


INSERT INTO t1(id, c) VALUES (1, 'c');
-- UNIQUE constraint failed: t1.id

INSERT INTO t1(id, c) VALUES (1, 'c')
ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING;

SELECT * FROM t1;

INSERT INTO t1(id, c)
VALUES (1, 'c')
ON CONFLICT(id) DO UPDATE SET c = excluded.c;

SELECT * FROM t1;

db < > fiddle演示

使用WHERE选择更新日期记录的upserting完整示例。

-- https://www.db-fiddle.com/f/7jyj4n76MZHLLk2yszB6XD/22
 
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS db;

CREATE TABLE db
(
 id PRIMARY KEY,
 updated_at,
 other
);

-- initial INSERT
INSERT INTO db (id,updated_at,other) VALUES(1,1,1);

SELECT * FROM db;

-- INSERT without WHERE
INSERT INTO db (id,updated_at,other) VALUES(1,2,2)
ON CONFLICT(id) DO UPDATE SET updated_at=excluded.updated_at;

SELECT * FROM db;

-- WHERE is FALSE
INSERT INTO db (id,updated_at,other) VALUES(1,2,3)
ON CONFLICT(id) DO UPDATE SET updated_at=excluded.updated_at, other=excluded.other
WHERE excluded.updated_at > updated_at;

SELECT * FROM db;

-- ok to SET a PRIMARY KEY. WHERE is TRUE
INSERT INTO db (id,updated_at,other) VALUES(1,3,4)
ON CONFLICT(id) DO UPDATE SET id=excluded.id, updated_at=excluded.updated_at, other=excluded.other
WHERE excluded.updated_at > updated_at;

SELECT * FROM db;

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table1 WHERE id = 1;

如果COUNT(*) = 0

INSERT INTO table1(col1, col2, cole) VALUES(var1,var2,var3);

else if COUNT(*) > 0

UPDATE table1 SET col1 = var4, col2 = var5, col3 = var6 WHERE id = 1;