诀窍是通过sudo visudo命令将环境变量添加到sudoers文件中，并添加这些行:

Defaults env_keep += "ftp_proxy http_proxy https_proxy no_proxy"

摘自ArchLinux wiki。

对于Ubuntu 14，你需要在单独的行中指定，因为它会返回多变量行的错误:

Defaults  env_keep += "http_proxy"
Defaults  env_keep += "https_proxy"
Defaults  env_keep += "HTTP_PROXY"
Defaults  env_keep += "HTTPS_PROXY"

首先，您需要导出HTTP_PROXY。其次，您需要阅读man sudo，并查看-E标志。如此:

$ export HTTP_PROXY=foof
$ sudo -E bash -c 'echo $HTTP_PROXY'

下面是手册页中的引文:

-E, --preserve-env
             Indicates to the security policy that the user wishes to preserve their
             existing environment variables.  The security policy may return an error
             if the user does not have permission to preserve the environment.

诀窍是通过sudo visudo命令将环境变量添加到sudoers文件中，并添加这些行:

Defaults env_keep += "ftp_proxy http_proxy https_proxy no_proxy"

摘自ArchLinux wiki。

对于Ubuntu 14，你需要在单独的行中指定，因为它会返回多变量行的错误:

Defaults  env_keep += "http_proxy"
Defaults  env_keep += "https_proxy"
Defaults  env_keep += "HTTP_PROXY"
Defaults  env_keep += "HTTPS_PROXY"

对于您希望一次性可用的单个变量，您可以将其作为命令的一部分。

sudo http_proxy=$http_proxy wget "http://stackoverflow.com"

如果您需要将环境变量保存在脚本中，您可以将您的命令放在如下的here文档中。特别是当你有很多变量让事情看起来很整洁的时候。

# prepare a script e.g. for running maven
runmaven=/tmp/runmaven$$
# create the script with a here document 
cat << EOF > $runmaven
#!/bin/bash
# run the maven clean with environment variables set
export ANT_HOME=/usr/share/ant
export MAKEFLAGS=-j4
mvn clean install
EOF
# make the script executable
chmod +x $runmaven
# run it
sudo $runmaven
# remove it or comment out to keep
rm $runmaven

一个简单的包装器函数(或内联for循环)

我想出了一个独特的解决方案，因为:

sudo -E "$@"泄漏变量，导致我的命令出现问题 sudo VAR1="$VAR1"…VAR42="$VAR42" "$@"在我的例子中又长又丑

demo.sh

#!/bin/bash

function sudo_exports(){
    eval sudo $(for x in $_EXPORTS; do printf '%q=%q ' "$x" "${!x}"; done;) "$@"
}

# create a test script to call as sudo
echo 'echo Forty-Two is $VAR42' > sudo_test.sh
chmod +x sudo_test.sh

export VAR42="The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, The Universe, and Everything."

export _EXPORTS="_EXPORTS VAR1 VAR2 VAR3 VAR4 VAR5 VAR6 VAR7 VAR8 VAR9 VAR10 VAR11 VAR12 VAR13 VAR14 VAR15 VAR16 VAR17 VAR18 VAR19 VAR20 VAR21 VAR22 VAR23 VAR24 VAR25 VAR26 VAR27 VAR28 VAR29 VAR30 VAR31 VAR32 VAR33 VAR34 VAR35 VAR36 VAR37 VAR38 VAR39 VAR40 VAR41 VAR42"

# clean function style
sudo_exports ./sudo_test.sh

# or just use the content of the function
eval sudo $(for x in $_EXPORTS; do printf '%q=%q ' "$x" "${!x}"; done;) ./sudo_test.sh

结果

$ ./demo.sh
Forty-Two is The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, The Universe, and Everything.
Forty-Two is The Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, The Universe, and Everything.

How?

这是由bash内置printf的一个特性实现的。%q产生一个带引号的shell字符串。与bash 4.4中的参数展开不同，这适用于bash < 4.0版本