使用一种与我所看到的完全不同的方法，我创建了一个php脚本，通过它们的灯来检测圣诞树。结果总是一个对称的三角形，如果需要的话，还会有数值，比如树的角度(“肥度”)。

这个算法最大的威胁显然是树旁边(大量)或树前面的灯(在进一步优化之前是更大的问题)。 编辑(补充):它不能做的:找出是否有一棵圣诞树，在一张图片中找到多棵圣诞树，正确地检测出拉斯维加斯中心的圣诞树，检测出严重弯曲、颠倒或被砍倒的圣诞树……；）

不同的阶段是:

Calculate the added brightness (R+G+B) for each pixel Add up this value of all 8 neighbouring pixels on top of each pixel Rank all pixels by this value (brightest first) - I know, not really subtle... Choose N of these, starting from the top, skipping ones that are too close Calculate the median of these top N (gives us the approximate center of the tree) Start from the median position upwards in a widening search beam for the topmost light from the selected brightest ones (people tend to put at least one light at the very top) From there, imagine lines going 60 degrees left and right downwards (christmas trees shouldn't be that fat) Decrease those 60 degrees until 20% of the brightest lights are outside this triangle Find the light at the very bottom of the triangle, giving you the lower horizontal border of the tree Done

标记说明:

大红色十字在树的中心:最亮的N个灯的中间 虚线从那里往上:“搜索光束”，寻找树的顶部 小十字:树顶 小红叉:所有最亮的灯光 红三角:呃!

源代码:

<?php

ini_set('memory_limit', '1024M');

header("Content-type: image/png");

$chosenImage = 6;

switch($chosenImage){
    case 1:
        $inputImage     = imagecreatefromjpeg("nmzwj.jpg");
        break;
    case 2:
        $inputImage     = imagecreatefromjpeg("2y4o5.jpg");
        break;
    case 3:
        $inputImage     = imagecreatefromjpeg("YowlH.jpg");
        break;
    case 4:
        $inputImage     = imagecreatefromjpeg("2K9Ef.jpg");
        break;
    case 5:
        $inputImage     = imagecreatefromjpeg("aVZhC.jpg");
        break;
    case 6:
        $inputImage     = imagecreatefromjpeg("FWhSP.jpg");
        break;
    case 7:
        $inputImage     = imagecreatefromjpeg("roemerberg.jpg");
        break;
    default:
        exit();
}

// Process the loaded image

$topNspots = processImage($inputImage);

imagejpeg($inputImage);
imagedestroy($inputImage);

// Here be functions

function processImage($image) {
    $orange = imagecolorallocate($image, 220, 210, 60);
    $black = imagecolorallocate($image, 0, 0, 0);
    $red = imagecolorallocate($image, 255, 0, 0);

    $maxX = imagesx($image)-1;
    $maxY = imagesy($image)-1;

    // Parameters
    $spread = 1; // Number of pixels to each direction that will be added up
    $topPositions = 80; // Number of (brightest) lights taken into account
    $minLightDistance = round(min(array($maxX, $maxY)) / 30); // Minimum number of pixels between the brigtests lights
    $searchYperX = 5; // spread of the "search beam" from the median point to the top

    $renderStage = 3; // 1 to 3; exits the process early


    // STAGE 1
    // Calculate the brightness of each pixel (R+G+B)

    $maxBrightness = 0;
    $stage1array = array();

    for($row = 0; $row <= $maxY; $row++) {

        $stage1array[$row] = array();

        for($col = 0; $col <= $maxX; $col++) {

            $rgb = imagecolorat($image, $col, $row);
            $brightness = getBrightnessFromRgb($rgb);
            $stage1array[$row][$col] = $brightness;

            if($renderStage == 1){
                $brightnessToGrey = round($brightness / 765 * 256);
                $greyRgb = imagecolorallocate($image, $brightnessToGrey, $brightnessToGrey, $brightnessToGrey);
                imagesetpixel($image, $col, $row, $greyRgb);
            }

            if($brightness > $maxBrightness) {
                $maxBrightness = $brightness;
                if($renderStage == 1){
                    imagesetpixel($image, $col, $row, $red);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    if($renderStage == 1) {
        return;
    }


    // STAGE 2
    // Add up brightness of neighbouring pixels

    $stage2array = array();
    $maxStage2 = 0;

    for($row = 0; $row <= $maxY; $row++) {
        $stage2array[$row] = array();

        for($col = 0; $col <= $maxX; $col++) {
            if(!isset($stage2array[$row][$col])) $stage2array[$row][$col] = 0;

            // Look around the current pixel, add brightness
            for($y = $row-$spread; $y <= $row+$spread; $y++) {
                for($x = $col-$spread; $x <= $col+$spread; $x++) {

                    // Don't read values from outside the image
                    if($x >= 0 && $x <= $maxX && $y >= 0 && $y <= $maxY){
                        $stage2array[$row][$col] += $stage1array[$y][$x]+10;
                    }
                }
            }

            $stage2value = $stage2array[$row][$col];
            if($stage2value > $maxStage2) {
                $maxStage2 = $stage2value;
            }
        }
    }

    if($renderStage >= 2){
        // Paint the accumulated light, dimmed by the maximum value from stage 2
        for($row = 0; $row <= $maxY; $row++) {
            for($col = 0; $col <= $maxX; $col++) {
                $brightness = round($stage2array[$row][$col] / $maxStage2 * 255);
                $greyRgb = imagecolorallocate($image, $brightness, $brightness, $brightness);
                imagesetpixel($image, $col, $row, $greyRgb);
            }
        }
    }

    if($renderStage == 2) {
        return;
    }


    // STAGE 3

    // Create a ranking of bright spots (like "Top 20")
    $topN = array();

    for($row = 0; $row <= $maxY; $row++) {
        for($col = 0; $col <= $maxX; $col++) {

            $stage2Brightness = $stage2array[$row][$col];
            $topN[$col.":".$row] = $stage2Brightness;
        }
    }
    arsort($topN);

    $topNused = array();
    $topPositionCountdown = $topPositions;

    if($renderStage == 3){
        foreach ($topN as $key => $val) {
            if($topPositionCountdown <= 0){
                break;
            }

            $position = explode(":", $key);

            foreach($topNused as $usedPosition => $usedValue) {
                $usedPosition = explode(":", $usedPosition);
                $distance = abs($usedPosition[0] - $position[0]) + abs($usedPosition[1] - $position[1]);
                if($distance < $minLightDistance) {
                    continue 2;
                }
            }

            $topNused[$key] = $val;

            paintCrosshair($image, $position[0], $position[1], $red, 2);

            $topPositionCountdown--;

        }
    }


    // STAGE 4
    // Median of all Top N lights
    $topNxValues = array();
    $topNyValues = array();

    foreach ($topNused as $key => $val) {
        $position = explode(":", $key);
        array_push($topNxValues, $position[0]);
        array_push($topNyValues, $position[1]);
    }

    $medianXvalue = round(calculate_median($topNxValues));
    $medianYvalue = round(calculate_median($topNyValues));
    paintCrosshair($image, $medianXvalue, $medianYvalue, $red, 15);


    // STAGE 5
    // Find treetop

    $filename = 'debug.log';
    $handle = fopen($filename, "w");
    fwrite($handle, "\n\n STAGE 5");

    $treetopX = $medianXvalue;
    $treetopY = $medianYvalue;

    $searchXmin = $medianXvalue;
    $searchXmax = $medianXvalue;

    $width = 0;
    for($y = $medianYvalue; $y >= 0; $y--) {
        fwrite($handle, "\nAt y = ".$y);

        if(($y % $searchYperX) == 0) { // Modulo
            $width++;
            $searchXmin = $medianXvalue - $width;
            $searchXmax = $medianXvalue + $width;
            imagesetpixel($image, $searchXmin, $y, $red);
            imagesetpixel($image, $searchXmax, $y, $red);
        }

        foreach ($topNused as $key => $val) {
            $position = explode(":", $key); // "x:y"

            if($position[1] != $y){
                continue;
            }

            if($position[0] >= $searchXmin && $position[0] <= $searchXmax){
                $treetopX = $position[0];
                $treetopY = $y;
            }
        }

    }

    paintCrosshair($image, $treetopX, $treetopY, $red, 5);


    // STAGE 6
    // Find tree sides
    fwrite($handle, "\n\n STAGE 6");

    $treesideAngle = 60; // The extremely "fat" end of a christmas tree
    $treeBottomY = $treetopY;

    $topPositionsExcluded = 0;
    $xymultiplier = 0;
    while(($topPositionsExcluded < ($topPositions / 5)) && $treesideAngle >= 1){
        fwrite($handle, "\n\nWe're at angle ".$treesideAngle);
        $xymultiplier = sin(deg2rad($treesideAngle));
        fwrite($handle, "\nMultiplier: ".$xymultiplier);

        $topPositionsExcluded = 0;
        foreach ($topNused as $key => $val) {
            $position = explode(":", $key);
            fwrite($handle, "\nAt position ".$key);

            if($position[1] > $treeBottomY) {
                $treeBottomY = $position[1];
            }

            // Lights above the tree are outside of it, but don't matter
            if($position[1] < $treetopY){
                $topPositionsExcluded++;
                fwrite($handle, "\nTOO HIGH");
                continue;
            }

            // Top light will generate division by zero
            if($treetopY-$position[1] == 0) {
                fwrite($handle, "\nDIVISION BY ZERO");
                continue;
            }

            // Lights left end right of it are also not inside
            fwrite($handle, "\nLight position factor: ".(abs($treetopX-$position[0]) / abs($treetopY-$position[1])));
            if((abs($treetopX-$position[0]) / abs($treetopY-$position[1])) > $xymultiplier){
                $topPositionsExcluded++;
                fwrite($handle, "\n --- Outside tree ---");
            }
        }

        $treesideAngle--;
    }
    fclose($handle);

    // Paint tree's outline
    $treeHeight = abs($treetopY-$treeBottomY);
    $treeBottomLeft = 0;
    $treeBottomRight = 0;
    $previousState = false; // line has not started; assumes the tree does not "leave"^^

    for($x = 0; $x <= $maxX; $x++){
        if(abs($treetopX-$x) != 0 && abs($treetopX-$x) / $treeHeight > $xymultiplier){
            if($previousState == true){
                $treeBottomRight = $x;
                $previousState = false;
            }
            continue;
        }
        imagesetpixel($image, $x, $treeBottomY, $red);
        if($previousState == false){
            $treeBottomLeft = $x;
            $previousState = true;
        }
    }
    imageline($image, $treeBottomLeft, $treeBottomY, $treetopX, $treetopY, $red);
    imageline($image, $treeBottomRight, $treeBottomY, $treetopX, $treetopY, $red);


    // Print out some parameters

    $string = "Min dist: ".$minLightDistance." | Tree angle: ".$treesideAngle." deg | Tree bottom: ".$treeBottomY;

    $px     = (imagesx($image) - 6.5 * strlen($string)) / 2;
    imagestring($image, 2, $px, 5, $string, $orange);

    return $topN;
}

/**
 * Returns values from 0 to 765
 */
function getBrightnessFromRgb($rgb) {
    $r = ($rgb >> 16) & 0xFF;
    $g = ($rgb >> 8) & 0xFF;
    $b = $rgb & 0xFF;

    return $r+$r+$b;
}

function paintCrosshair($image, $posX, $posY, $color, $size=5) {
    for($x = $posX-$size; $x <= $posX+$size; $x++) {
        if($x>=0 && $x < imagesx($image)){
            imagesetpixel($image, $x, $posY, $color);
        }
    }
    for($y = $posY-$size; $y <= $posY+$size; $y++) {
        if($y>=0 && $y < imagesy($image)){
            imagesetpixel($image, $posX, $y, $color);
        }
    }
}

// From http://www.mdj.us/web-development/php-programming/calculating-the-median-average-values-of-an-array-with-php/
function calculate_median($arr) {
    sort($arr);
    $count = count($arr); //total numbers in array
    $middleval = floor(($count-1)/2); // find the middle value, or the lowest middle value
    if($count % 2) { // odd number, middle is the median
        $median = $arr[$middleval];
    } else { // even number, calculate avg of 2 medians
        $low = $arr[$middleval];
        $high = $arr[$middleval+1];
        $median = (($low+$high)/2);
    }
    return $median;
}


?>

图片:

额外奖励:来自维基百科的德国Weihnachtsbaum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Weihnachtsbaum_R%C3%B6merberg.jpg

我的解决步骤:

Get R channel (from RGB) - all operations we make on this channel: Create Region of Interest (ROI) Threshold R channel with min value 149 (top right image) Dilate result region (middle left image) Detect eges in computed roi. Tree has a lot of edges (middle right image) Dilate result Erode with bigger radius ( bottom left image) Select the biggest (by area) object - it's the result region ConvexHull ( tree is convex polygon ) ( bottom right image ) Bounding box (bottom right image - grren box )

循序渐进:

第一个结果——最简单但不是开源软件——“自适应视觉工作室+自适应视觉库”: 这不是开源的，但是很快就能原型化:

整个圣诞树检测算法(11块):

下一个步骤。我们需要开源解决方案。将AVL过滤器更改为OpenCV过滤器: 这里我做了一些小改动，例如边缘检测使用cvCanny过滤器，为了尊重roi，我将区域图像与边缘图像相乘，为了选择最大的元素，我使用findContours + contourArea，但想法是一样的。

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfjB3MigLH0&index=1&list=UUpSRrkMHNHiLDXgylwhWNQQ

我现在不能显示中间步骤的图像，因为我只能放2个链接。

好吧，现在我们使用开源过滤器，但它仍然不是完全开源的。 最后一步-移植到c++代码。我在2.4.4版本中使用了OpenCV

最终的c++代码的结果是:

c++代码也很短:

#include "opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp"
#include "opencv2/opencv.hpp"
#include <algorithm>
using namespace cv;

int main()
{

    string images[6] = {"..\\1.png","..\\2.png","..\\3.png","..\\4.png","..\\5.png","..\\6.png"};

    for(int i = 0; i < 6; ++i)
    {
        Mat img, thresholded, tdilated, tmp, tmp1;
        vector<Mat> channels(3);

        img = imread(images[i]);
        split(img, channels);
        threshold( channels[2], thresholded, 149, 255, THRESH_BINARY);                      //prepare ROI - threshold
        dilate( thresholded, tdilated,  getStructuringElement( MORPH_RECT, Size(22,22) ) ); //prepare ROI - dilate
        Canny( channels[2], tmp, 75, 125, 3, true );    //Canny edge detection
        multiply( tmp, tdilated, tmp1 );    // set ROI

        dilate( tmp1, tmp, getStructuringElement( MORPH_RECT, Size(20,16) ) ); // dilate
        erode( tmp, tmp1, getStructuringElement( MORPH_RECT, Size(36,36) ) ); // erode

        vector<vector<Point> > contours, contours1(1);
        vector<Point> convex;
        vector<Vec4i> hierarchy;
        findContours( tmp1, contours, hierarchy, CV_RETR_TREE, CV_CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE, Point(0, 0) );

        //get element of maximum area
        //int bestID = std::max_element( contours.begin(), contours.end(), 
        //  []( const vector<Point>& A, const vector<Point>& B ) { return contourArea(A) < contourArea(B); } ) - contours.begin();

            int bestID = 0;
        int bestArea = contourArea( contours[0] );
        for( int i = 1; i < contours.size(); ++i )
        {
            int area = contourArea( contours[i] );
            if( area > bestArea )
            {
                bestArea  = area;
                bestID = i;
            }
        }

        convexHull( contours[bestID], contours1[0] ); 
        drawContours( img, contours1, 0, Scalar( 100, 100, 255 ), img.rows / 100, 8, hierarchy, 0, Point() );

        imshow("image", img );
        waitKey(0);
    }


    return 0;
}

.．.另一个老式的解决方案-纯粹基于HSV处理:

将图像转换为HSV色彩空间 根据HSV中的启发式创建掩码(见下文) 将形态扩张应用于掩模以连接断开的区域 丢弃小块区域和水平块(记住树是垂直块) 计算包围框

简单介绍一下HSV处理中的启发式:

所有色调(H)在210 - 320度之间的都被丢弃为蓝洋红色，这应该是在背景或不相关的区域 所有V值低于40%的内容也会因为太暗而被丢弃

当然，人们可以尝试许多其他可能性来微调这种方法……

这里是MATLAB代码来做的技巧(警告:代码远远没有被优化!!我使用了不推荐用于MATLAB编程的技术，只是为了能够跟踪过程中的任何东西——这可以大大优化):

% clear everything
clear;
pack;
close all;
close all hidden;
drawnow;
clc;

% initialization
ims=dir('./*.jpg');
num=length(ims);

imgs={};
hsvs={}; 
masks={};
dilated_images={};
measurements={};
boxs={};

for i=1:num, 
    % load original image
    imgs{end+1} = imread(ims(i).name);
    flt_x_size = round(size(imgs{i},2)*0.005);
    flt_y_size = round(size(imgs{i},1)*0.005);
    flt = fspecial( 'average', max( flt_y_size, flt_x_size));
    imgs{i} = imfilter( imgs{i}, flt, 'same');
    % convert to HSV colorspace
    hsvs{end+1} = rgb2hsv(imgs{i});
    % apply a hard thresholding and binary operation to construct the mask
    masks{end+1} = medfilt2( ~(hsvs{i}(:,:,1)>(210/360) & hsvs{i}(:,:,1)<(320/360))&hsvs{i}(:,:,3)>0.4);
    % apply morphological dilation to connect distonnected components
    strel_size = round(0.03*max(size(imgs{i})));        % structuring element for morphological dilation
    dilated_images{end+1} = imdilate( masks{i}, strel('disk',strel_size));
    % do some measurements to eliminate small objects
    measurements{i} = regionprops( dilated_images{i},'Perimeter','Area','BoundingBox'); 
    for m=1:length(measurements{i})
        if (measurements{i}(m).Area < 0.02*numel( dilated_images{i})) || (measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(3)>1.2*measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(4))
            dilated_images{i}( round(measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(2):measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(4)+measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(2)),...
                round(measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(1):measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(3)+measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(1))) = 0;
        end
    end
    dilated_images{i} = dilated_images{i}(1:size(imgs{i},1),1:size(imgs{i},2));
    % compute the bounding box
    [y,x] = find( dilated_images{i});
    if isempty( y)
        boxs{end+1}=[];
    else
        boxs{end+1} = [ min(x) min(y) max(x)-min(x)+1 max(y)-min(y)+1];
    end

end 

%%% additional code to display things
for i=1:num,
    figure;
    subplot(121);
    colormap gray;
    imshow( imgs{i});
    if ~isempty(boxs{i})
        hold on;
        rr = rectangle( 'position', boxs{i});
        set( rr, 'EdgeColor', 'r');
        hold off;
    end
    subplot(122);
    imshow( imgs{i}.*uint8(repmat(dilated_images{i},[1 1 3])));
end

结果:

在结果中，我显示了蒙面图像和包围框。

这是我使用传统图像处理方法的最后一篇文章…

在这里，我以某种方式结合了我的另外两个建议，取得了更好的结果。事实上，我看不出这些结果还能有什么更好的(特别是当你看到该方法产生的掩码图像时)。

该方法的核心是结合三个关键假设:

图像在树形区域应该有很高的波动 图像在树形区域应该有更高的强度 背景区域应该是低强度的，大部分是蓝色的

考虑到这些假设，方法如下:

将图像转换为HSV 用LoG滤波器过滤V通道 应用硬阈值对LoG过滤图像得到'活动'掩码A 对V通道进行硬阈值处理得到强度掩码B 采用H通道阈值法将低强度淡蓝色区域捕获到背景掩模C中 使用AND组合蒙版得到最终的蒙版 放大蒙版以扩大区域并连接分散的像素 消除小区域，得到最终的蒙版，最终只代表树

下面是MATLAB中的代码(同样，脚本加载当前文件夹中的所有jpg图像，同样，这远非一段优化的代码):

% clear everything
clear;
pack;
close all;
close all hidden;
drawnow;
clc;

% initialization
ims=dir('./*.jpg');
imgs={};
images={}; 
blur_images={}; 
log_image={}; 
dilated_image={};
int_image={};
back_image={};
bin_image={};
measurements={};
box={};
num=length(ims);
thres_div = 3;

for i=1:num, 
    % load original image
    imgs{end+1}=imread(ims(i).name);

    % convert to HSV colorspace
    images{end+1}=rgb2hsv(imgs{i});

    % apply laplacian filtering and heuristic hard thresholding
    val_thres = (max(max(images{i}(:,:,3)))/thres_div);
    log_image{end+1} = imfilter( images{i}(:,:,3),fspecial('log')) > val_thres;

    % get the most bright regions of the image
    int_thres = 0.26*max(max( images{i}(:,:,3)));
    int_image{end+1} = images{i}(:,:,3) > int_thres;

    % get the most probable background regions of the image
    back_image{end+1} = images{i}(:,:,1)>(150/360) & images{i}(:,:,1)<(320/360) & images{i}(:,:,3)<0.5;

    % compute the final binary image by combining 
    % high 'activity' with high intensity
    bin_image{end+1} = logical( log_image{i}) & logical( int_image{i}) & ~logical( back_image{i});

    % apply morphological dilation to connect distonnected components
    strel_size = round(0.01*max(size(imgs{i})));        % structuring element for morphological dilation
    dilated_image{end+1} = imdilate( bin_image{i}, strel('disk',strel_size));

    % do some measurements to eliminate small objects
    measurements{i} = regionprops( logical( dilated_image{i}),'Area','BoundingBox');

    % iterative enlargement of the structuring element for better connectivity
    while length(measurements{i})>14 && strel_size<(min(size(imgs{i}(:,:,1)))/2),
        strel_size = round( 1.5 * strel_size);
        dilated_image{i} = imdilate( bin_image{i}, strel('disk',strel_size));
        measurements{i} = regionprops( logical( dilated_image{i}),'Area','BoundingBox');
    end

    for m=1:length(measurements{i})
        if measurements{i}(m).Area < 0.05*numel( dilated_image{i})
            dilated_image{i}( round(measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(2):measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(4)+measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(2)),...
                round(measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(1):measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(3)+measurements{i}(m).BoundingBox(1))) = 0;
        end
    end
    % make sure the dilated image is the same size with the original
    dilated_image{i} = dilated_image{i}(1:size(imgs{i},1),1:size(imgs{i},2));
    % compute the bounding box
    [y,x] = find( dilated_image{i});
    if isempty( y)
        box{end+1}=[];
    else
        box{end+1} = [ min(x) min(y) max(x)-min(x)+1 max(y)-min(y)+1];
    end
end 

%%% additional code to display things
for i=1:num,
    figure;
    subplot(121);
    colormap gray;
    imshow( imgs{i});
    if ~isempty(box{i})
        hold on;
        rr = rectangle( 'position', box{i});
        set( rr, 'EdgeColor', 'r');
        hold off;
    end
    subplot(122);
    imshow( imgs{i}.*uint8(repmat(dilated_image{i},[1 1 3])));
end

结果

高分辨率的结果仍然可以在这里! 更多的实验图片可以在这里找到。

编辑注意:我编辑这篇文章是为了(I)按照要求分别处理每个树图像，(ii)同时考虑物体亮度和形状，以提高结果的质量。

---

下面是一种考虑到物体亮度和形状的方法。换句话说，它寻找的是具有三角形形状和显著亮度的物体。它是用Java语言实现的，使用Marvin图像处理框架。

第一步是颜色阈值。这里的目标是集中分析具有显著亮度的物体。

输出图片:

源代码:

public class ChristmasTree {

private MarvinImagePlugin fill = MarvinPluginLoader.loadImagePlugin("org.marvinproject.image.fill.boundaryFill");
private MarvinImagePlugin threshold = MarvinPluginLoader.loadImagePlugin("org.marvinproject.image.color.thresholding");
private MarvinImagePlugin invert = MarvinPluginLoader.loadImagePlugin("org.marvinproject.image.color.invert");
private MarvinImagePlugin dilation = MarvinPluginLoader.loadImagePlugin("org.marvinproject.image.morphological.dilation");

public ChristmasTree(){
    MarvinImage tree;

    // Iterate each image
    for(int i=1; i<=6; i++){
        tree = MarvinImageIO.loadImage("./res/trees/tree"+i+".png");

        // 1. Threshold
        threshold.setAttribute("threshold", 200);
        threshold.process(tree.clone(), tree);
    }
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
    new ChristmasTree();
}
}

在第二步中，图像中最亮的点被放大以形成形状。这一过程的结果是具有显著亮度的物体的可能形状。应用洪水填充分割，断开的形状被检测。

输出图片:

源代码:

public class ChristmasTree {

private MarvinImagePlugin fill = MarvinPluginLoader.loadImagePlugin("org.marvinproject.image.fill.boundaryFill");
private MarvinImagePlugin threshold = MarvinPluginLoader.loadImagePlugin("org.marvinproject.image.color.thresholding");
private MarvinImagePlugin invert = MarvinPluginLoader.loadImagePlugin("org.marvinproject.image.color.invert");
private MarvinImagePlugin dilation = MarvinPluginLoader.loadImagePlugin("org.marvinproject.image.morphological.dilation");

public ChristmasTree(){
    MarvinImage tree;

    // Iterate each image
    for(int i=1; i<=6; i++){
        tree = MarvinImageIO.loadImage("./res/trees/tree"+i+".png");

        // 1. Threshold
        threshold.setAttribute("threshold", 200);
        threshold.process(tree.clone(), tree);

        // 2. Dilate
        invert.process(tree.clone(), tree);
        tree = MarvinColorModelConverter.rgbToBinary(tree, 127);
        MarvinImageIO.saveImage(tree, "./res/trees/new/tree_"+i+"threshold.png");
        dilation.setAttribute("matrix", MarvinMath.getTrueMatrix(50, 50));
        dilation.process(tree.clone(), tree);
        MarvinImageIO.saveImage(tree, "./res/trees/new/tree_"+1+"_dilation.png");
        tree = MarvinColorModelConverter.binaryToRgb(tree);

        // 3. Segment shapes
        MarvinImage trees2 = tree.clone();
        fill(tree, trees2);
        MarvinImageIO.saveImage(trees2, "./res/trees/new/tree_"+i+"_fill.png");
}

private void fill(MarvinImage imageIn, MarvinImage imageOut){
    boolean found;
    int color= 0xFFFF0000;

    while(true){
        found=false;

        Outerloop:
        for(int y=0; y<imageIn.getHeight(); y++){
            for(int x=0; x<imageIn.getWidth(); x++){
                if(imageOut.getIntComponent0(x, y) == 0){
                    fill.setAttribute("x", x);
                    fill.setAttribute("y", y);
                    fill.setAttribute("color", color);
                    fill.setAttribute("threshold", 120);
                    fill.process(imageIn, imageOut);
                    color = newColor(color);

                    found = true;
                    break Outerloop;
                }
            }
        }

        if(!found){
            break;
        }
    }

}

private int newColor(int color){
    int red = (color & 0x00FF0000) >> 16;
    int green = (color & 0x0000FF00) >> 8;
    int blue = (color & 0x000000FF);

    if(red <= green && red <= blue){
        red+=5;
    }
    else if(green <= red && green <= blue){
        green+=5;
    }
    else{
        blue+=5;
    }

    return 0xFF000000 + (red << 16) + (green << 8) + blue;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    new ChristmasTree();
}
}

如输出图像所示，检测到多个形状。在这个问题中，图像中只有几个亮点。但是，实现这种方法是为了处理更复杂的场景。

In the next step each shape is analyzed. A simple algorithm detects shapes with a pattern similar to a triangle. The algorithm analyze the object shape line by line. If the center of the mass of each shape line is almost the same (given a threshold) and mass increase as y increase, the object has a triangle-like shape. The mass of the shape line is the number of pixels in that line that belongs to the shape. Imagine you slice the object horizontally and analyze each horizontal segment. If they are centralized to each other and the length increase from the first segment to last one in a linear pattern, you probably has an object that resembles a triangle.

源代码:

private int[] detectTrees(MarvinImage image){
    HashSet<Integer> analysed = new HashSet<Integer>();
    boolean found;
    while(true){
        found = false;
        for(int y=0; y<image.getHeight(); y++){
            for(int x=0; x<image.getWidth(); x++){
                int color = image.getIntColor(x, y);

                if(!analysed.contains(color)){
                    if(isTree(image, color)){
                        return getObjectRect(image, color);
                    }

                    analysed.add(color);
                    found=true;
                }
            }
        }

        if(!found){
            break;
        }
    }
    return null;
}

private boolean isTree(MarvinImage image, int color){

    int mass[][] = new int[image.getHeight()][2];
    int yStart=-1;
    int xStart=-1;
    for(int y=0; y<image.getHeight(); y++){
        int mc = 0;
        int xs=-1;
        int xe=-1;
        for(int x=0; x<image.getWidth(); x++){
            if(image.getIntColor(x, y) == color){
                mc++;

                if(yStart == -1){
                    yStart=y;
                    xStart=x;
                }

                if(xs == -1){
                    xs = x;
                }
                if(x > xe){
                    xe = x;
                }
            }
        }
        mass[y][0] = xs;
        mass[y][3] = xe;
        mass[y][4] = mc;    
    }

    int validLines=0;
    for(int y=0; y<image.getHeight(); y++){
        if
        ( 
            mass[y][5] > 0 &&
            Math.abs(((mass[y][0]+mass[y][6])/2)-xStart) <= 50 &&
            mass[y][7] >= (mass[yStart][8] + (y-yStart)*0.3) &&
            mass[y][9] <= (mass[yStart][10] + (y-yStart)*1.5)
        )
        {
            validLines++;
        }
    }

    if(validLines > 100){
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

最后，每个形状的位置类似于一个三角形，并具有显著的亮度，在这种情况下，圣诞树，突出显示在原图中，如下所示。

最终输出图片:

最终源代码:

public class ChristmasTree {

private MarvinImagePlugin fill = MarvinPluginLoader.loadImagePlugin("org.marvinproject.image.fill.boundaryFill");
private MarvinImagePlugin threshold = MarvinPluginLoader.loadImagePlugin("org.marvinproject.image.color.thresholding");
private MarvinImagePlugin invert = MarvinPluginLoader.loadImagePlugin("org.marvinproject.image.color.invert");
private MarvinImagePlugin dilation = MarvinPluginLoader.loadImagePlugin("org.marvinproject.image.morphological.dilation");

public ChristmasTree(){
    MarvinImage tree;

    // Iterate each image
    for(int i=1; i<=6; i++){
        tree = MarvinImageIO.loadImage("./res/trees/tree"+i+".png");

        // 1. Threshold
        threshold.setAttribute("threshold", 200);
        threshold.process(tree.clone(), tree);

        // 2. Dilate
        invert.process(tree.clone(), tree);
        tree = MarvinColorModelConverter.rgbToBinary(tree, 127);
        MarvinImageIO.saveImage(tree, "./res/trees/new/tree_"+i+"threshold.png");
        dilation.setAttribute("matrix", MarvinMath.getTrueMatrix(50, 50));
        dilation.process(tree.clone(), tree);
        MarvinImageIO.saveImage(tree, "./res/trees/new/tree_"+1+"_dilation.png");
        tree = MarvinColorModelConverter.binaryToRgb(tree);

        // 3. Segment shapes
        MarvinImage trees2 = tree.clone();
        fill(tree, trees2);
        MarvinImageIO.saveImage(trees2, "./res/trees/new/tree_"+i+"_fill.png");

        // 4. Detect tree-like shapes
        int[] rect = detectTrees(trees2);

        // 5. Draw the result
        MarvinImage original = MarvinImageIO.loadImage("./res/trees/tree"+i+".png");
        drawBoundary(trees2, original, rect);
        MarvinImageIO.saveImage(original, "./res/trees/new/tree_"+i+"_out_2.jpg");
    }
}

private void drawBoundary(MarvinImage shape, MarvinImage original, int[] rect){
    int yLines[] = new int[6];
    yLines[0] = rect[1];
    yLines[1] = rect[1]+(int)((rect[3]/5));
    yLines[2] = rect[1]+((rect[3]/5)*2);
    yLines[3] = rect[1]+((rect[3]/5)*3);
    yLines[4] = rect[1]+(int)((rect[3]/5)*4);
    yLines[5] = rect[1]+rect[3];

    List<Point> points = new ArrayList<Point>();
    for(int i=0; i<yLines.length; i++){
        boolean in=false;
        Point startPoint=null;
        Point endPoint=null;
        for(int x=rect[0]; x<rect[0]+rect[2]; x++){

            if(shape.getIntColor(x, yLines[i]) != 0xFFFFFFFF){
                if(!in){
                    if(startPoint == null){
                        startPoint = new Point(x, yLines[i]);
                    }
                }
                in = true;
            }
            else{
                if(in){
                    endPoint = new Point(x, yLines[i]);
                }
                in = false;
            }
        }

        if(endPoint == null){
            endPoint = new Point((rect[0]+rect[2])-1, yLines[i]);
        }

        points.add(startPoint);
        points.add(endPoint);
    }

    drawLine(points.get(0).x, points.get(0).y, points.get(1).x, points.get(1).y, 15, original);
    drawLine(points.get(1).x, points.get(1).y, points.get(3).x, points.get(3).y, 15, original);
    drawLine(points.get(3).x, points.get(3).y, points.get(5).x, points.get(5).y, 15, original);
    drawLine(points.get(5).x, points.get(5).y, points.get(7).x, points.get(7).y, 15, original);
    drawLine(points.get(7).x, points.get(7).y, points.get(9).x, points.get(9).y, 15, original);
    drawLine(points.get(9).x, points.get(9).y, points.get(11).x, points.get(11).y, 15, original);
    drawLine(points.get(11).x, points.get(11).y, points.get(10).x, points.get(10).y, 15, original);
    drawLine(points.get(10).x, points.get(10).y, points.get(8).x, points.get(8).y, 15, original);
    drawLine(points.get(8).x, points.get(8).y, points.get(6).x, points.get(6).y, 15, original);
    drawLine(points.get(6).x, points.get(6).y, points.get(4).x, points.get(4).y, 15, original);
    drawLine(points.get(4).x, points.get(4).y, points.get(2).x, points.get(2).y, 15, original);
    drawLine(points.get(2).x, points.get(2).y, points.get(0).x, points.get(0).y, 15, original);
}

private void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int length, MarvinImage image){
    int lx1, lx2, ly1, ly2;
    for(int i=0; i<length; i++){
        lx1 = (x1+i >= image.getWidth() ? (image.getWidth()-1)-i: x1);
        lx2 = (x2+i >= image.getWidth() ? (image.getWidth()-1)-i: x2);
        ly1 = (y1+i >= image.getHeight() ? (image.getHeight()-1)-i: y1);
        ly2 = (y2+i >= image.getHeight() ? (image.getHeight()-1)-i: y2);

        image.drawLine(lx1+i, ly1, lx2+i, ly2, Color.red);
        image.drawLine(lx1, ly1+i, lx2, ly2+i, Color.red);
    }
}

private void fillRect(MarvinImage image, int[] rect, int length){
    for(int i=0; i<length; i++){
        image.drawRect(rect[0]+i, rect[1]+i, rect[2]-(i*2), rect[3]-(i*2), Color.red);
    }
}

private void fill(MarvinImage imageIn, MarvinImage imageOut){
    boolean found;
    int color= 0xFFFF0000;

    while(true){
        found=false;

        Outerloop:
        for(int y=0; y<imageIn.getHeight(); y++){
            for(int x=0; x<imageIn.getWidth(); x++){
                if(imageOut.getIntComponent0(x, y) == 0){
                    fill.setAttribute("x", x);
                    fill.setAttribute("y", y);
                    fill.setAttribute("color", color);
                    fill.setAttribute("threshold", 120);
                    fill.process(imageIn, imageOut);
                    color = newColor(color);

                    found = true;
                    break Outerloop;
                }
            }
        }

        if(!found){
            break;
        }
    }

}

private int[] detectTrees(MarvinImage image){
    HashSet<Integer> analysed = new HashSet<Integer>();
    boolean found;
    while(true){
        found = false;
        for(int y=0; y<image.getHeight(); y++){
            for(int x=0; x<image.getWidth(); x++){
                int color = image.getIntColor(x, y);

                if(!analysed.contains(color)){
                    if(isTree(image, color)){
                        return getObjectRect(image, color);
                    }

                    analysed.add(color);
                    found=true;
                }
            }
        }

        if(!found){
            break;
        }
    }
    return null;
}

private boolean isTree(MarvinImage image, int color){

    int mass[][] = new int[image.getHeight()][11];
    int yStart=-1;
    int xStart=-1;
    for(int y=0; y<image.getHeight(); y++){
        int mc = 0;
        int xs=-1;
        int xe=-1;
        for(int x=0; x<image.getWidth(); x++){
            if(image.getIntColor(x, y) == color){
                mc++;

                if(yStart == -1){
                    yStart=y;
                    xStart=x;
                }

                if(xs == -1){
                    xs = x;
                }
                if(x > xe){
                    xe = x;
                }
            }
        }
        mass[y][0] = xs;
        mass[y][12] = xe;
        mass[y][13] = mc;   
    }

    int validLines=0;
    for(int y=0; y<image.getHeight(); y++){
        if
        ( 
            mass[y][14] > 0 &&
            Math.abs(((mass[y][0]+mass[y][15])/2)-xStart) <= 50 &&
            mass[y][16] >= (mass[yStart][17] + (y-yStart)*0.3) &&
            mass[y][18] <= (mass[yStart][19] + (y-yStart)*1.5)
        )
        {
            validLines++;
        }
    }

    if(validLines > 100){
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

private int[] getObjectRect(MarvinImage image, int color){
    int x1=-1;
    int x2=-1;
    int y1=-1;
    int y2=-1;

    for(int y=0; y<image.getHeight(); y++){
        for(int x=0; x<image.getWidth(); x++){
            if(image.getIntColor(x, y) == color){

                if(x1 == -1 || x < x1){
                    x1 = x;
                }
                if(x2 == -1 || x > x2){
                    x2 = x;
                }
                if(y1 == -1 || y < y1){
                    y1 = y;
                }
                if(y2 == -1 || y > y2){
                    y2 = y;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return new int[]{x1, y1, (x2-x1), (y2-y1)};
}

private int newColor(int color){
    int red = (color & 0x00FF0000) >> 16;
    int green = (color & 0x0000FF00) >> 8;
    int blue = (color & 0x000000FF);

    if(red <= green && red <= blue){
        red+=5;
    }
    else if(green <= red && green <= blue){
        green+=30;
    }
    else{
        blue+=30;
    }

    return 0xFF000000 + (red << 16) + (green << 8) + blue;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    new ChristmasTree();
}
}

这种方法的优点是它可能适用于包含其他发光物体的图像，因为它分析物体的形状。

圣诞快乐!

---

编辑说明2

There is a discussion about the similarity of the output images of this solution and some other ones. In fact, they are very similar. But this approach does not just segment objects. It also analyzes the object shapes in some sense. It can handle multiple luminous objects in the same scene. In fact, the Christmas tree does not need to be the brightest one. I'm just abording it to enrich the discussion. There is a bias in the samples that just looking for the brightest object, you will find the trees. But, does we really want to stop the discussion at this point? At this point, how far the computer is really recognizing an object that resembles a Christmas tree? Let's try to close this gap.

下面给出一个结果来说明这一点:

输入图像

输出

我在opencv中使用python。

我的算法是这样的:

首先，它从图像中取出红色通道 对红色通道应用阈值(最小值200) 然后应用形态梯度，然后做一个“关闭”(扩张，然后侵蚀) 然后它找到平面上的轮廓然后选择最长的轮廓。

代码:

import numpy as np
import cv2
import copy


def findTree(image,num):
    im = cv2.imread(image)
    im = cv2.resize(im, (400,250))
    gray = cv2.cvtColor(im, cv2.COLOR_RGB2GRAY)
    imf = copy.deepcopy(im)

    b,g,r = cv2.split(im)
    minR = 200
    _,thresh = cv2.threshold(r,minR,255,0)
    kernel = np.ones((25,5))
    dst = cv2.morphologyEx(thresh, cv2.MORPH_GRADIENT, kernel)
    dst = cv2.morphologyEx(dst, cv2.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel)

    contours = cv2.findContours(dst,cv2.RETR_TREE,cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)[0]
    cv2.drawContours(im, contours,-1, (0,255,0), 1)

    maxI = 0
    for i in range(len(contours)):
        if len(contours[maxI]) < len(contours[i]):
            maxI = i

    img = copy.deepcopy(r)
    cv2.polylines(img,[contours[maxI]],True,(255,255,255),3)
    imf[:,:,2] = img

    cv2.imshow(str(num), imf)

def main():
    findTree('tree.jpg',1)
    findTree('tree2.jpg',2)
    findTree('tree3.jpg',3)
    findTree('tree4.jpg',4)
    findTree('tree5.jpg',5)
    findTree('tree6.jpg',6)

    cv2.waitKey(0)
    cv2.destroyAllWindows()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

如果我把核函数从(25,5)改成(10,5) 我在所有树上都得到了更好的结果，除了左下角，

我的算法假设树上有灯，而且 在左下角的树中，顶部的光线比其他树要少。