base64是一个二进制到文本的编码方案，以ASCII字符串格式表示二进制数据。Base64被设计用来跨通道传输二进制格式的数据。它接受任何形式的数据并将其转换为纯文本的长字符串。以前我们不能传输大量的数据，如文件，因为它是由2⁸比特字节组成的，但我们的实际网络使用2⁷比特字节。这就是base64编码出现的原因。但是base64到底是什么意思呢?

让我们来理解base64的含义。

base64 = base+64

我们可以调用base64作为基数64的表示。Base64仅使用6位(2 = 64个字符)来确保可打印的数据是人类可读的。但是,如何?我们也可以写base65或base78，但为什么只写64呢?让我们证明一下。 Base64编码包含64个字符来编码任何字符串。 base64包含:

10数值即，0,1,2,3，.....9。

26大写字母，即A,B,C,D，.......Z。

26个小写字母，即a,b,c,d，........z。

两个特殊字符，即+，/。取决于你的操作系统。

base64算法遵循的步骤如下:

count the number of characters in a String. If it is not multiple of 3 pad with special character i.e., = to make it multiple of 3. Encode the string in ASCII format. Now, it will convert the ASCII to binary format 8-bit each. After converting to binary format, it will divide binary data into chunks of 6-bits each. The chunks of 6-bit binary data will now be converted to decimal number format. Using the base64 Index Table, the decimals will be again converted to a string according to the table format. Finally, we will get the encoded version of our input string.

有些传输协议只允许传输字母数字字符。想象一下这样一种情况:控制字符用于触发特殊操作，或者每个字符只支持有限的位宽。Base64将任何输入转换为只使用字母数字字符、+、/和=作为填充字符的编码。

一个十六进制数字是一个啃位(4位)。两个小字节构成8位，也称为1字节。

MD5生成128位输出，该输出使用32个十六进制数字序列表示，这些十六进制数字依次为32*4=128位。128位等于16字节(因为1字节等于8位)。

每个Base64字符编码6位(除了最后一个非填充字符可以编码2,4或6位);以及最后的填充字符(如果有的话)。因此，根据Base64编码，128位哈希至少需要⌈128/6⌉= 22个字符，如果有的话再加上pad。

使用base64，我们可以生成所需长度(6、8或10)的编码输出。 如果我们选择8字符长的输出，它只占用8个字节，而128位哈希输出则占用16个字节。

因此，除了安全性之外，还使用base64编码来减少空间消耗。

对Brad所说的进行一点扩展:许多电子邮件和Usenet的传输机制以及其他移动数据的方式都不是“8位干净”的，这意味着标准ascii字符集之外的字符可能在传输中被破坏——例如，0x0D可能被视为回车符，并被转换为回车符和换行符。64进制将所有二进制字符映射为几个标准ascii字母、数字和标点符号，这样它们就不会被打乱。

Base-64编码是一种获取二进制数据并将其转换为文本的方法，这样就更容易在电子邮件和HTML表单数据中传输。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64

从http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64

The term Base64 refers to a specific MIME content transfer encoding. It is also used as a generic term for any similar encoding scheme that encodes binary data by treating it numerically and translating it into a base 64 representation. The particular choice of base is due to the history of character set encoding: one can choose a set of 64 characters that is both part of the subset common to most encodings, and also printable. This combination leaves the data unlikely to be modified in transit through systems, such as email, which were traditionally not 8-bit clean. Base64 can be used in a variety of contexts: Evolution and Thunderbird use Base64 to obfuscate e-mail passwords[1] Base64 can be used to transmit and store text that might otherwise cause delimiter collision Base64 is often used as a quick but insecure shortcut to obscure secrets without incurring the overhead of cryptographic key management Spammers use Base64 to evade basic anti-spamming tools, which often do not decode Base64 and therefore cannot detect keywords in encoded messages. Base64 is used to encode character strings in LDIF files Base64 is sometimes used to embed binary data in an XML file, using a syntax similar to ...... e.g. Firefox's bookmarks.html. Base64 is also used when communicating with government Fiscal Signature printing devices (usually, over serial or parallel ports) to minimize the delay when transferring receipt characters for signing. Base64 is used to encode binary files such as images within scripts, to avoid depending on external files. Can be used to embed raw image data into a CSS property such as background-image.