所以从Python 3开始，map()是一个迭代器，你需要记住你需要什么:一个迭代器或列表对象。

正如@AlexMartelli已经提到的，只有在不使用lambda函数的情况下，map()才比列表理解更快。

我会给你们看一些时间比较。

Python 3.5.2和CPythonI已经使用了Jupiter笔记本电脑，特别是%timeit内置的魔法命令 测量:s == 1000 ms == 1000 * 1000µs = 1000 * 1000 * 1000 ns

设置:

x_list = [(i, i+1, i+2, i*2, i-9) for i in range(1000)]
i_list = list(range(1000))

内置函数:

%timeit map(sum, x_list)  # creating iterator object
# Output: The slowest run took 9.91 times longer than the fastest. 
# This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
# 1000000 loops, best of 3: 277 ns per loop

%timeit list(map(sum, x_list))  # creating list with map
# Output: 1000 loops, best of 3: 214 µs per loop

%timeit [sum(x) for x in x_list]  # creating list with list comprehension
# Output: 1000 loops, best of 3: 290 µs per loop

lambda函数:

%timeit map(lambda i: i+1, i_list)
# Output: The slowest run took 8.64 times longer than the fastest. 
# This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
# 1000000 loops, best of 3: 325 ns per loop

%timeit list(map(lambda i: i+1, i_list))
# Output: 1000 loops, best of 3: 183 µs per loop

%timeit [i+1 for i in i_list]
# Output: 10000 loops, best of 3: 84.2 µs per loop

还有类似生成器表达式的东西，参见PEP-0289。所以我认为把它添加到比较中是有用的

%timeit (sum(i) for i in x_list)
# Output: The slowest run took 6.66 times longer than the fastest. 
# This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
# 1000000 loops, best of 3: 495 ns per loop

%timeit list((sum(x) for x in x_list))
# Output: 1000 loops, best of 3: 319 µs per loop

%timeit (i+1 for i in i_list)
# Output: The slowest run took 6.83 times longer than the fastest. 
# This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
# 1000000 loops, best of 3: 506 ns per loop

%timeit list((i+1 for i in i_list))
# Output: 10000 loops, best of 3: 125 µs per loop

你需要列表对象:

如果是自定义函数，则使用列表推导式;如果是内置函数，则使用list(map())

你不需要列表对象，你只需要一个可迭代对象:

总是使用map()!

我用perfplot(我的一个项目)计算了一些结果。

正如其他人所注意到的，map实际上只返回一个迭代器，因此它是一个常量时间操作。当通过list()实现迭代器时，它与列表推导式相当。根据不同的表达方式，任何一种都可能有轻微的优势，但并不显著。

注意，像x ** 2这样的算术运算在NumPy中要快得多，特别是如果输入数据已经是NumPy数组的话。

hex:

X ** 2:

代码重现图:

import perfplot


def standalone_map(data):
    return map(hex, data)


def list_map(data):
    return list(map(hex, data))


def comprehension(data):
    return [hex(x) for x in data]


b = perfplot.bench(
    setup=lambda n: list(range(n)),
    kernels=[standalone_map, list_map, comprehension],
    n_range=[2 ** k for k in range(20)],
    equality_check=None,
)
b.save("out.png")
b.show()

import perfplot
import numpy as np


def standalone_map(data):
    return map(lambda x: x ** 2, data[0])


def list_map(data):
    return list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, data[0]))


def comprehension(data):
    return [x ** 2 for x in data[0]]


def numpy_asarray(data):
    return np.asarray(data[0]) ** 2


def numpy_direct(data):
    return data[1] ** 2


b = perfplot.bench(
    setup=lambda n: (list(range(n)), np.arange(n)),
    kernels=[standalone_map, list_map, comprehension, numpy_direct, numpy_asarray],
    n_range=[2 ** k for k in range(20)],
    equality_check=None,
)
b.save("out2.png")
b.show()

如果您计划编写任何异步、并行或分布式代码，您可能更喜欢map而不是列表解析——因为大多数异步、并行或分布式包都提供map函数来重载python的map。然后，通过将适当的映射函数传递给代码的其余部分，您可能不必修改原始的串行代码以使其并行运行(等等)。

我认为最python化的方法是使用列表理解而不是map和filter。原因是列表推导式比map和filter更清晰。

In [1]: odd_cubes = [x ** 3 for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 1] # using a list comprehension

In [2]: odd_cubes_alt = list(map(lambda x: x ** 3, filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 1, range(10)))) # using map and filter

In [3]: odd_cubes == odd_cubes_alt
Out[3]: True

正如你所看到的，一个理解不需要额外的lambda表达式映射需要。此外，一个理解也允许过滤容易，而映射需要过滤器允许过滤。

在某些情况下，Map可能会快得多(当您没有为此目的而使用lambda，而是在Map和列表推导中使用相同的函数时)。在其他情况下，列表推导式可能更快，大多数(不是所有)python主义者认为它们更直接、更清晰。

当使用完全相同的函数时，map的微小速度优势的例子:

$ python -m timeit -s'xs=range(10)' 'map(hex, xs)'
100000 loops, best of 3: 4.86 usec per loop

$ python -m timeit -s'xs=range(10)' '[hex(x) for x in xs]'
100000 loops, best of 3: 5.58 usec per loop

当map需要lambda时，性能比较完全颠倒的示例:

$ python -m timeit -s'xs=range(10)' 'map(lambda x: x+2, xs)'
100000 loops, best of 3: 4.24 usec per loop

$ python -m timeit -s'xs=range(10)' '[x+2 for x in xs]'
100000 loops, best of 3: 2.32 usec per loop

所以从Python 3开始，map()是一个迭代器，你需要记住你需要什么:一个迭代器或列表对象。

正如@AlexMartelli已经提到的，只有在不使用lambda函数的情况下，map()才比列表理解更快。

我会给你们看一些时间比较。

Python 3.5.2和CPythonI已经使用了Jupiter笔记本电脑，特别是%timeit内置的魔法命令 测量:s == 1000 ms == 1000 * 1000µs = 1000 * 1000 * 1000 ns

设置:

x_list = [(i, i+1, i+2, i*2, i-9) for i in range(1000)]
i_list = list(range(1000))

内置函数:

%timeit map(sum, x_list)  # creating iterator object
# Output: The slowest run took 9.91 times longer than the fastest. 
# This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
# 1000000 loops, best of 3: 277 ns per loop

%timeit list(map(sum, x_list))  # creating list with map
# Output: 1000 loops, best of 3: 214 µs per loop

%timeit [sum(x) for x in x_list]  # creating list with list comprehension
# Output: 1000 loops, best of 3: 290 µs per loop

lambda函数:

%timeit map(lambda i: i+1, i_list)
# Output: The slowest run took 8.64 times longer than the fastest. 
# This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
# 1000000 loops, best of 3: 325 ns per loop

%timeit list(map(lambda i: i+1, i_list))
# Output: 1000 loops, best of 3: 183 µs per loop

%timeit [i+1 for i in i_list]
# Output: 10000 loops, best of 3: 84.2 µs per loop

还有类似生成器表达式的东西，参见PEP-0289。所以我认为把它添加到比较中是有用的

%timeit (sum(i) for i in x_list)
# Output: The slowest run took 6.66 times longer than the fastest. 
# This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
# 1000000 loops, best of 3: 495 ns per loop

%timeit list((sum(x) for x in x_list))
# Output: 1000 loops, best of 3: 319 µs per loop

%timeit (i+1 for i in i_list)
# Output: The slowest run took 6.83 times longer than the fastest. 
# This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached.
# 1000000 loops, best of 3: 506 ns per loop

%timeit list((i+1 for i in i_list))
# Output: 10000 loops, best of 3: 125 µs per loop

你需要列表对象:

如果是自定义函数，则使用列表推导式;如果是内置函数，则使用list(map())

你不需要列表对象，你只需要一个可迭代对象:

总是使用map()!