有人能解释一下PHP中三元运算符简写(?:)和空合并运算符(??)之间的区别吗?
他们什么时候表现不同,什么时候表现相同(如果真的发生了的话)?
$a ?: $b
VS.
$a ?? $b
有人能解释一下PHP中三元运算符简写(?:)和空合并运算符(??)之间的区别吗?
他们什么时候表现不同,什么时候表现相同(如果真的发生了的话)?
$a ?: $b
VS.
$a ?? $b
当前回答
主要的区别在于
Ternary Operator expression expr1 ?: expr3 returns expr1 if expr1 evaluates to TRUE but on the other hand Null Coalescing Operator expression (expr1) ?? (expr2) evaluates to expr1 if expr1 is not NULL Ternary Operator expr1 ?: expr3 emit a notice if the left-hand side value (expr1) does not exist but on the other hand Null Coalescing Operator (expr1) ?? (expr2) In particular, does not emit a notice if the left-hand side value (expr1) does not exist, just like isset(). TernaryOperator is left associative ((true ? 'true' : false) ? 't' : 'f'); Null Coalescing Operator is right associative ($a ?? ($b ?? $c));
现在让我们通过例子来解释两者的区别:
三元运算符(?:)
$x='';
$value=($x)?:'default';
var_dump($value);
// The above is identical to this if/else statement
if($x){
$value=$x;
}
else{
$value='default';
}
var_dump($value);
空合并运算符(??)
$value=($x)??'default';
var_dump($value);
// The above is identical to this if/else statement
if(isset($x)){
$value=$x;
}
else{
$value='default';
}
var_dump($value);
下面的表格解释了'?? ?和?
特别注意:空合并运算符和三元运算符是一个 表达式,并且它的值不是一个变量,而是 表达式的结果。如果你想的话,知道这一点很重要 通过引用返回一个变量。语句返回$foo ??美元的酒吧;而且 返回$var == 42 ?$a: $b;在引用返回函数中 因此不工作,并发出警告。
其他回答
对于初学者:
空合并运算符(??)
除了空值和未定义(变量/数组索引/对象属性)之外,所有内容都为真
ex:
$array = [];
$object = new stdClass();
var_export (false ?? 'second'); # false
var_export (true ?? 'second'); # true
var_export (null ?? 'second'); # 'second'
var_export ('' ?? 'second'); # ""
var_export ('some text' ?? 'second'); # "some text"
var_export (0 ?? 'second'); # 0
var_export ($undefinedVarible ?? 'second'); # "second"
var_export ($array['undefined_index'] ?? 'second'); # "second"
var_export ($object->undefinedAttribute ?? 'second'); # "second"
这基本上是检查变量(数组索引,对象属性..Etc)是存在的,不是空的。类似于isset函数
三元运算符简写(?:)
每个假的东西(false,null,0,空字符串)都是假的,但如果它是一个未定义的,它也会是假的,但Notice会抛出
ex
$array = [];
$object = new stdClass();
var_export (false ?: 'second'); # "second"
var_export (true ?: 'second'); # true
var_export (null ?: 'second'); # "second"
var_export ('' ?: 'second'); # "second"
var_export ('some text' ?? 'second'); # "some text"
var_export (0 ?: 'second'); # "second"
var_export ($undefinedVarible ?: 'second'); # "second" Notice: Undefined variable: ..
var_export ($array['undefined_index'] ?: 'second'); # "second" Notice: Undefined index: ..
var_export ($object->undefinedAttribute ?: 'second'); # "Notice: Undefined index: ..
希望这能有所帮助
It seems there are pros and cons to using either ?? or ?:. The pro to using ?: is that it evaluates false and null and "" the same. The con is that it reports an E_NOTICE if the preceding argument is null. With ?? the pro is that there is no E_NOTICE, but the con is that it does not evaluate false and null the same. In my experience, I have seen people begin using null and false interchangeably but then they eventually resort to modifying their code to be consistent with using either null or false, but not both. An alternative is to create a more elaborate ternary condition: (isset($something) or !$something) ? $something : $something_else.
下面是一个使用??同时使用null和false的运算符:
$false = null;
$var = $false ?? "true";
echo $var . "---<br>";//returns: true---
$false = false;
$var = $false ?? "true";
echo $var . "---<br>"; //returns: ---
然而,通过详细说明三元操作符,我们可以使一个假字符串或空字符串""的行为就像它是null一样,而不抛出e_notice:
$false = null;
$var = (isset($false) or !$false) ? $false : "true";
echo $var . "---<br>";//returns: ---
$false = false;
$var = (isset($false) or !$false) ? $false : "true";
echo $var . "---<br>";//returns: ---
$false = "";
$var = (isset($false) or !$false) ? $false : "true";
echo $var . "---<br>";//returns: ---
$false = true;
$var = (isset($false) or !$false) ? $false : "true";
echo $var . "---<br>";//returns: 1---
就我个人而言,我认为如果PHP的未来版本包含另一个新的操作符::?这取代了上面的语法。即: // $var = $false:?“真正的”;该语法将相等地计算null, false和“”,而不会抛出E_NOTICE…
主要的区别在于
Ternary Operator expression expr1 ?: expr3 returns expr1 if expr1 evaluates to TRUE but on the other hand Null Coalescing Operator expression (expr1) ?? (expr2) evaluates to expr1 if expr1 is not NULL Ternary Operator expr1 ?: expr3 emit a notice if the left-hand side value (expr1) does not exist but on the other hand Null Coalescing Operator (expr1) ?? (expr2) In particular, does not emit a notice if the left-hand side value (expr1) does not exist, just like isset(). TernaryOperator is left associative ((true ? 'true' : false) ? 't' : 'f'); Null Coalescing Operator is right associative ($a ?? ($b ?? $c));
现在让我们通过例子来解释两者的区别:
三元运算符(?:)
$x='';
$value=($x)?:'default';
var_dump($value);
// The above is identical to this if/else statement
if($x){
$value=$x;
}
else{
$value='default';
}
var_dump($value);
空合并运算符(??)
$value=($x)??'default';
var_dump($value);
// The above is identical to this if/else statement
if(isset($x)){
$value=$x;
}
else{
$value='default';
}
var_dump($value);
下面的表格解释了'?? ?和?
特别注意:空合并运算符和三元运算符是一个 表达式,并且它的值不是一个变量,而是 表达式的结果。如果你想的话,知道这一点很重要 通过引用返回一个变量。语句返回$foo ??美元的酒吧;而且 返回$var == 42 ?$a: $b;在引用返回函数中 因此不工作,并发出警告。
Null Coalescing运算符只执行两个任务:它检查变量是否已设置,以及变量是否为空。看看下面的例子:
<?php
# case 1:
$greeting = 'Hola';
echo $greeting ?? 'Hi There'; # outputs: 'Hola'
# case 2:
$greeting = null;
echo $greeting ?? 'Hi There'; # outputs: 'Hi There'
# case 3:
unset($greeting);
echo $greeting ?? 'Hi There'; # outputs: 'Hi There'
上面的代码示例说明,Null Coalescing运算符以同样的方式处理一个不存在的变量和一个被设置为Null的变量。
空合并运算符是对三元运算符的改进。下面的代码片段比较了这两者:
<?php /* example: checking for the $_POST field that goes by the name of 'fullname'*/
# in ternary operator
echo "Welcome ", (isset($_POST['fullname']) && !is_null($_POST['fullname']) ? $_POST['fullname'] : 'Mr. Whosoever.'); # outputs: Welcome Mr. Whosoever.
# in null coalecing operator
echo "Welcome ", ($_POST['fullname'] ?? 'Mr. Whosoever.'); # outputs: Welcome Mr. Whosoever.
因此,两者之间的区别在于空合并操作符操作符被设计为比三元操作符更好地处理未定义变量。然而,三元操作符是if-else的简写。
Null Coalescing运算符并不意味着要取代三元运算符,但在一些用例中,比如上面的例子,它允许您以更少的麻烦编写干净的代码。
学分:http://dwellupper.io/post/6/php7-null-coalescing-operator-usage-and-examples
其他的答案更深入,给出了很好的解释。对于那些寻求快速答案的人,
$a ?: 'fallback'是$a ?$a: 'fallback'
而
一美元? ?'回退'是$a = isset($a) ?$a: 'fallback'
主要的区别在于左操作符是:
一个非空的假值(0,",false,[],…) 未定义的变量