实用的简短回答:

Try:

var_dump('' ?: 'ok');

vs

var_dump('' ?? 'ok');

如果测试值(或变量*)为false，第一个将返回“ok”

而

如果测试值(或变量*)为空或未初始化/设置，第二个将返回'ok'。

*警告:如果你想用?:测试一个变量，你必须首先确保它是初始化/设置的，否则PHP将引发一个E_NOTICE(而??不会)。

class a
{
    public $a = 'aaa';
}

$a = new a();

echo $a->a;  // Writes 'aaa'
echo $a->b;  // Notice: Undefined property: a::$b

echo $a->a ?? '$a->a does not exists';  // Writes 'aaa'

// Does not throw an error although $a->b does not exist.
echo $a->b ?? '$a->b does not exist.';  // Writes $a->b does not exist.

// Does not throw an error although $a->b and also $a->b->c does not exist.
echo $a->b->c ?? '$a->b->c does not exist.';  // Writes $a->b->c does not exist.

当涉及到动态数据处理时，它们的行为都不同。

如果变量为空(")，空合并将把变量视为真值，但速记三元操作符不会。这是需要记住的。

$a = NULL;
$c = '';

print $a ?? '1b';
print "\n";

print $a ?: '2b';
print "\n";

print $c ?? '1d';
print "\n";

print $c ?: '2d';
print "\n";

print $e ?? '1f';
print "\n";

print $e ?: '2f';

输出:

1b
2b

2d
1f

Notice: Undefined variable: e in /in/ZBAa1 on line 21
2f

链接:https://3v4l.org/ZBAa1

It seems there are pros and cons to using either ?? or ?:. The pro to using ?: is that it evaluates false and null and "" the same. The con is that it reports an E_NOTICE if the preceding argument is null. With ?? the pro is that there is no E_NOTICE, but the con is that it does not evaluate false and null the same. In my experience, I have seen people begin using null and false interchangeably but then they eventually resort to modifying their code to be consistent with using either null or false, but not both. An alternative is to create a more elaborate ternary condition: (isset($something) or !$something) ? $something : $something_else.

下面是一个使用??同时使用null和false的运算符:

$false = null;
$var = $false ?? "true";
echo $var . "---<br>";//returns: true---

$false = false;
$var = $false ?? "true";
echo $var . "---<br>"; //returns: ---

然而，通过详细说明三元操作符，我们可以使一个假字符串或空字符串""的行为就像它是null一样，而不抛出e_notice:

$false = null;
$var = (isset($false) or !$false) ? $false : "true";
echo $var . "---<br>";//returns: ---

$false = false;
$var = (isset($false) or !$false) ? $false : "true";
echo $var . "---<br>";//returns: ---

$false = "";
$var = (isset($false) or !$false) ? $false : "true";
echo $var . "---<br>";//returns: ---

$false = true;
$var = (isset($false) or !$false) ? $false : "true";
echo $var . "---<br>";//returns: 1---

就我个人而言，我认为如果PHP的未来版本包含另一个新的操作符::?这取代了上面的语法。即: // $var = $false:?“真正的”;该语法将相等地计算null, false和“”，而不会抛出E_NOTICE…

向下滚动这个链接并查看该部分，它为您提供了如下所示的比较示例:

<?php
/** Fetches the value of $_GET['user'] and returns 'nobody' if it does not exist. **/
$username = $_GET['user'] ?? 'nobody';
/** This is equivalent to: **/
$username = isset($_GET['user']) ? $_GET['user'] : 'nobody';

/** Coalescing can be chained: this will return the first defined value out of $_GET['user'], $_POST['user'], and 'nobody'. **/
$username = $_GET['user'] ?? $_POST['user'] ?? 'nobody';
?>

null合并运算符(??)已被添加为语法糖，用于需要将三元值与isset()结合使用的常见情况。如果操作数存在且不为NULL，则返回第一个操作数;否则返回第二个操作数。

本质上，使用合并操作符将使其自动检查null，不像三元操作符。

主要的区别在于

Ternary Operator expression expr1 ?: expr3 returns expr1 if expr1 evaluates to TRUE but on the other hand Null Coalescing Operator expression (expr1) ?? (expr2) evaluates to expr1 if expr1 is not NULL Ternary Operator expr1 ?: expr3 emit a notice if the left-hand side value (expr1) does not exist but on the other hand Null Coalescing Operator (expr1) ?? (expr2) In particular, does not emit a notice if the left-hand side value (expr1) does not exist, just like isset(). TernaryOperator is left associative ((true ? 'true' : false) ? 't' : 'f'); Null Coalescing Operator is right associative ($a ?? ($b ?? $c));

现在让我们通过例子来解释两者的区别:

三元运算符(?:)

$x='';
$value=($x)?:'default';
var_dump($value);

// The above is identical to this if/else statement
if($x){
  $value=$x;
}
else{
  $value='default';
}
var_dump($value);

空合并运算符(??)

$value=($x)??'default';
var_dump($value);

// The above is identical to this if/else statement
if(isset($x)){
  $value=$x;
}
else{
  $value='default';
}
var_dump($value);

下面的表格解释了'?? ?和?

特别注意:空合并运算符和三元运算符是一个 表达式，并且它的值不是一个变量，而是 表达式的结果。如果你想的话，知道这一点很重要 通过引用返回一个变量。语句返回$foo ??美元的酒吧;而且 返回$var == 42 ?$a: $b;在引用返回函数中 因此不工作，并发出警告。