在SQL Server 2005中，有两种方法可以创建临时表:
declare @tmp table (Col1 int, Col2 int);
or
create table #tmp (Col1 int, Col2 int);
这两者之间有什么区别?关于@tmp是否仍然使用tempdb，或者是否所有事情都发生在内存中，我读过相互矛盾的意见。
在哪些情况下，一个会优于另一个?
当前回答
令我惊讶的是，没有人提到这两者之间的关键区别是临时表支持并行插入，而表变量不支持。您应该能够从执行计划中看出不同之处。下面是9频道和MSDN doc上的SQL workshop的视频。
这也解释了为什么应该对较小的表使用表变量，否则应该使用临时表，正如SQLMenace前面回答的那样。
其他回答
在SQL中，临时表存储在TempDB中，本地临时表只在当前会话中可见，在另一个会话中不可见。这可以在嵌套存储过程调用之间共享。全局临时表对所有其他会话可见，当最后一个连接引用表关闭时，它们将被销毁。例如,
Select Dept.DeptName, Dept.DeptId, COUNT(*) as TotalEmployees
into #TempEmpCount
from Tbl_EmpDetails Emp
join Tbl_Dept Dept
on Emp.DeptId = Dept.DeptId
group by DeptName, Dept.DeptId
表变量类似于tempTables，表变量也是在TempDB中创建的。表变量的作用域是声明表变量的批处理、存储过程或语句块。它们可以作为过程之间的参数传递。同样的查询可以使用Table变量by来编写
Declare @tblEmployeeCount table
(DeptName nvarchar(20),DeptId int, TotalEmployees int)
Insert @tblEmployeeCount
Select DeptName, Tbl_Dept.DeptId, COUNT(*) as TotalEmployees
from Tbl_EmpDetails
join Tbl_Dept
on Tbl_EmpDetails.DeptId = Tbl_Dept.DeptId
group by DeptName, Tbl_Dept.DeptId
只要看看公认答案中的声明，即表变量不参与日志记录。
通常情况下，似乎不存在日志记录数量上的差异(至少对于表本身的插入/更新/删除操作而言是如此，尽管后来我发现由于额外的系统表更新，存储过程中缓存的临时对象在这方面存在一些小差异)。
在下面的操作中，我观察了@table_variable和#temp表的日志记录行为。
成功的插入 多行插入语句因违反约束而回滚的位置。 更新 删除 释放
所有操作的事务日志记录几乎相同。
表变量版本实际上有一些额外的日志条目，因为它将一个条目添加到sys. log中(然后从sys. log中删除)。Syssingleobjrefs基本表，但总的来说记录的字节更少，因为表变量的内部名称比#temp表少消耗236个字节(少118个nvarchar字符)。
要重现的完整脚本(最好在单用户模式下启动并使用sqlcmd模式的实例上运行)
:setvar tablename "@T"
:setvar tablescript "DECLARE @T TABLE"
/*
--Uncomment this section to test a #temp table
:setvar tablename "#T"
:setvar tablescript "CREATE TABLE #T"
*/
USE tempdb
GO
CHECKPOINT
DECLARE @LSN NVARCHAR(25)
SELECT @LSN = MAX([Current LSN])
FROM fn_dblog(null, null)
EXEC(N'BEGIN TRAN StartBatch
SAVE TRAN StartBatch
COMMIT
$(tablescript)
(
[4CA996AC-C7E1-48B5-B48A-E721E7A435F0] INT PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT 0,
InRowFiller char(7000) DEFAULT ''A'',
OffRowFiller varchar(8000) DEFAULT REPLICATE(''B'',8000),
LOBFiller varchar(max) DEFAULT REPLICATE(cast(''C'' as varchar(max)),10000)
)
BEGIN TRAN InsertFirstRow
SAVE TRAN InsertFirstRow
COMMIT
INSERT INTO $(tablename)
DEFAULT VALUES
BEGIN TRAN Insert9Rows
SAVE TRAN Insert9Rows
COMMIT
INSERT INTO $(tablename) ([4CA996AC-C7E1-48B5-B48A-E721E7A435F0])
SELECT TOP 9 ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY (SELECT 0))
FROM sys.all_columns
BEGIN TRAN InsertFailure
SAVE TRAN InsertFailure
COMMIT
/*Try and Insert 10 rows, the 10th one will cause a constraint violation*/
BEGIN TRY
INSERT INTO $(tablename) ([4CA996AC-C7E1-48B5-B48A-E721E7A435F0])
SELECT TOP (10) (10 + ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY (SELECT 0))) % 20
FROM sys.all_columns
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
PRINT ERROR_MESSAGE()
END CATCH
BEGIN TRAN Update10Rows
SAVE TRAN Update10Rows
COMMIT
UPDATE $(tablename)
SET InRowFiller = LOWER(InRowFiller),
OffRowFiller =LOWER(OffRowFiller),
LOBFiller =LOWER(LOBFiller)
BEGIN TRAN Delete10Rows
SAVE TRAN Delete10Rows
COMMIT
DELETE FROM $(tablename)
BEGIN TRAN AfterDelete
SAVE TRAN AfterDelete
COMMIT
BEGIN TRAN EndBatch
SAVE TRAN EndBatch
COMMIT')
DECLARE @LSN_HEX NVARCHAR(25) =
CAST(CAST(CONVERT(varbinary,SUBSTRING(@LSN, 1, 8),2) AS INT) AS VARCHAR) + ':' +
CAST(CAST(CONVERT(varbinary,SUBSTRING(@LSN, 10, 8),2) AS INT) AS VARCHAR) + ':' +
CAST(CAST(CONVERT(varbinary,SUBSTRING(@LSN, 19, 4),2) AS INT) AS VARCHAR)
SELECT
[Operation],
[Context],
[AllocUnitName],
[Transaction Name],
[Description]
FROM fn_dblog(@LSN_HEX, null) AS D
WHERE [Current LSN] > @LSN
SELECT CASE
WHEN GROUPING(Operation) = 1 THEN 'Total'
ELSE Operation
END AS Operation,
Context,
AllocUnitName,
COALESCE(SUM([Log Record Length]), 0) AS [Size in Bytes],
COUNT(*) AS Cnt
FROM fn_dblog(@LSN_HEX, null) AS D
WHERE [Current LSN] > @LSN
GROUP BY GROUPING SETS((Operation, Context, AllocUnitName),())
结果
+-----------------------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------+------+---------------+------+------------------+
| | | | @TV | #TV | |
+-----------------------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------+------+---------------+------+------------------+
| Operation | Context | AllocUnitName | Size in Bytes | Cnt | Size in Bytes | Cnt | Difference Bytes |
+-----------------------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------+------+---------------+------+------------------+
| LOP_ABORT_XACT | LCX_NULL | | 52 | 1 | 52 | 1 | |
| LOP_BEGIN_XACT | LCX_NULL | | 6056 | 50 | 6056 | 50 | |
| LOP_COMMIT_XACT | LCX_NULL | | 2548 | 49 | 2548 | 49 | |
| LOP_COUNT_DELTA | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysallocunits.clust | 624 | 3 | 624 | 3 | |
| LOP_COUNT_DELTA | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysrowsets.clust | 208 | 1 | 208 | 1 | |
| LOP_COUNT_DELTA | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysrscols.clst | 832 | 4 | 832 | 4 | |
| LOP_CREATE_ALLOCCHAIN | LCX_NULL | | 120 | 3 | 120 | 3 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_INDEX_INTERIOR | Unknown Alloc Unit | 720 | 9 | 720 | 9 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysallocunits.clust | 444 | 3 | 444 | 3 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysallocunits.nc | 276 | 3 | 276 | 3 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.syscolpars.clst | 628 | 4 | 628 | 4 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.syscolpars.nc | 484 | 4 | 484 | 4 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysidxstats.clst | 176 | 1 | 176 | 1 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysidxstats.nc | 144 | 1 | 144 | 1 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysiscols.clst | 100 | 1 | 100 | 1 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysiscols.nc1 | 88 | 1 | 88 | 1 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysobjvalues.clst | 596 | 5 | 596 | 5 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysrowsets.clust | 132 | 1 | 132 | 1 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysrscols.clst | 528 | 4 | 528 | 4 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysschobjs.clst | 1040 | 6 | 1276 | 6 | 236 |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysschobjs.nc1 | 820 | 6 | 1060 | 6 | 240 |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysschobjs.nc2 | 820 | 6 | 1060 | 6 | 240 |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.sysschobjs.nc3 | 480 | 6 | 480 | 6 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.syssingleobjrefs.clst | 96 | 1 | | | -96 |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | sys.syssingleobjrefs.nc1 | 88 | 1 | | | -88 |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_MARK_AS_GHOST | Unknown Alloc Unit | 72092 | 19 | 72092 | 19 | |
| LOP_DELETE_ROWS | LCX_TEXT_MIX | Unknown Alloc Unit | 16348 | 37 | 16348 | 37 | |
| LOP_FORMAT_PAGE | LCX_HEAP | Unknown Alloc Unit | 1596 | 19 | 1596 | 19 | |
| LOP_FORMAT_PAGE | LCX_IAM | Unknown Alloc Unit | 252 | 3 | 252 | 3 | |
| LOP_FORMAT_PAGE | LCX_INDEX_INTERIOR | Unknown Alloc Unit | 84 | 1 | 84 | 1 | |
| LOP_FORMAT_PAGE | LCX_TEXT_MIX | Unknown Alloc Unit | 4788 | 57 | 4788 | 57 | |
| LOP_HOBT_DDL | LCX_NULL | | 108 | 3 | 108 | 3 | |
| LOP_HOBT_DELTA | LCX_NULL | | 9600 | 150 | 9600 | 150 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysallocunits.clust | 456 | 3 | 456 | 3 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.syscolpars.clst | 644 | 4 | 644 | 4 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysidxstats.clst | 180 | 1 | 180 | 1 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysiscols.clst | 104 | 1 | 104 | 1 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysobjvalues.clst | 616 | 5 | 616 | 5 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysrowsets.clust | 136 | 1 | 136 | 1 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysrscols.clst | 544 | 4 | 544 | 4 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysschobjs.clst | 1064 | 6 | 1300 | 6 | 236 |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.syssingleobjrefs.clst | 100 | 1 | | | -100 |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_CLUSTERED | Unknown Alloc Unit | 135888 | 19 | 135888 | 19 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_INDEX_INTERIOR | Unknown Alloc Unit | 1596 | 19 | 1596 | 19 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_INDEX_LEAF | sys.sysallocunits.nc | 288 | 3 | 288 | 3 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_INDEX_LEAF | sys.syscolpars.nc | 500 | 4 | 500 | 4 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_INDEX_LEAF | sys.sysidxstats.nc | 148 | 1 | 148 | 1 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_INDEX_LEAF | sys.sysiscols.nc1 | 92 | 1 | 92 | 1 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_INDEX_LEAF | sys.sysschobjs.nc1 | 844 | 6 | 1084 | 6 | 240 |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_INDEX_LEAF | sys.sysschobjs.nc2 | 844 | 6 | 1084 | 6 | 240 |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_INDEX_LEAF | sys.sysschobjs.nc3 | 504 | 6 | 504 | 6 | |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_INDEX_LEAF | sys.syssingleobjrefs.nc1 | 92 | 1 | | | -92 |
| LOP_INSERT_ROWS | LCX_TEXT_MIX | Unknown Alloc Unit | 5112 | 71 | 5112 | 71 | |
| LOP_MARK_SAVEPOINT | LCX_NULL | | 508 | 8 | 508 | 8 | |
| LOP_MODIFY_COLUMNS | LCX_CLUSTERED | Unknown Alloc Unit | 1560 | 10 | 1560 | 10 | |
| LOP_MODIFY_HEADER | LCX_HEAP | Unknown Alloc Unit | 3780 | 45 | 3780 | 45 | |
| LOP_MODIFY_ROW | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.syscolpars.clst | 384 | 4 | 384 | 4 | |
| LOP_MODIFY_ROW | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysidxstats.clst | 100 | 1 | 100 | 1 | |
| LOP_MODIFY_ROW | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysrowsets.clust | 92 | 1 | 92 | 1 | |
| LOP_MODIFY_ROW | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysschobjs.clst | 1144 | 13 | 1144 | 13 | |
| LOP_MODIFY_ROW | LCX_IAM | Unknown Alloc Unit | 4224 | 48 | 4224 | 48 | |
| LOP_MODIFY_ROW | LCX_PFS | Unknown Alloc Unit | 13632 | 169 | 13632 | 169 | |
| LOP_MODIFY_ROW | LCX_TEXT_MIX | Unknown Alloc Unit | 108640 | 120 | 108640 | 120 | |
| LOP_ROOT_CHANGE | LCX_CLUSTERED | sys.sysallocunits.clust | 960 | 10 | 960 | 10 | |
| LOP_SET_BITS | LCX_GAM | Unknown Alloc Unit | 1200 | 20 | 1200 | 20 | |
| LOP_SET_BITS | LCX_IAM | Unknown Alloc Unit | 1080 | 18 | 1080 | 18 | |
| LOP_SET_BITS | LCX_SGAM | Unknown Alloc Unit | 120 | 2 | 120 | 2 | |
| LOP_SHRINK_NOOP | LCX_NULL | | | | 32 | 1 | 32 |
+-----------------------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------+------+---------------+------+------------------+
| Total | | | 410144 | 1095 | 411232 | 1092 | 1088 |
+-----------------------+--------------------+---------------------------+---------------+------+---------------+------+------------------+
引用自;专业SQL Server 2012内部和故障处理
Statistics The major difference between temp tables and table variables is that statistics are not created on table variables. This has two major consequences, the fi rst of which is that the Query Optimizer uses a fi xed estimation for the number of rows in a table variable irrespective of the data it contains. Moreover, adding or removing data doesn’t change the estimation. Indexes You can’t create indexes on table variables although you can create constraints. This means that by creating primary keys or unique constraints, you can have indexes (as these are created to support constraints) on table variables. Even if you have constraints, and therefore indexes that will have statistics, the indexes will not be used when the query is compiled because they won’t exist at compile time, nor will they cause recompilations. Schema Modifications Schema modifications are possible on temporary tables but not on table variables. Although schema modifi cations are possible on temporary tables, avoid using them because they cause recompilations of statements that use the tables.
表变量不是在内存中创建的
有一种常见的误解，认为表变量是内存中的结构 这样会比临时表执行得更快。多亏了车管所 叫做sys。“Dm _ db _ session _ space _ usage”，显示tempdb的使用情况 塞申斯，你可以证明事实并非如此。重新启动SQL Server后清除 DMV，运行以下脚本确认您的session _ id返回0 User _ objects _ alloc _ page _ count:
SELECT session_id,
database_id,
user_objects_alloc_page_count
FROM sys.dm_db_session_space_usage
WHERE session_id > 50 ;
现在可以通过运行以下命令检查临时表使用了多少空间 脚本创建一个只有一列的临时表，并用一行填充它:
CREATE TABLE #TempTable ( ID INT ) ;
INSERT INTO #TempTable ( ID )
VALUES ( 1 ) ;
GO
SELECT session_id,
database_id,
user_objects_alloc_page_count
FROM sys.dm_db_session_space_usage
WHERE session_id > 50 ;
服务器上的结果表明该表在tempdb中分配了一个页面。 现在运行相同的脚本，但是使用一个表变量 这一次:
DECLARE @TempTable TABLE ( ID INT ) ;
INSERT INTO @TempTable ( ID )
VALUES ( 1 ) ;
GO
SELECT session_id,
database_id,
user_objects_alloc_page_count
FROM sys.dm_db_session_space_usage
WHERE session_id > 50 ;
用哪一个?
Whether or not you use temporary tables or table variables should be decided by thorough testing, but it’s best to lean towards temporary tables as the default because there are far fewer things that can go wrong. I’ve seen customers develop code using table variables because they were dealing with a small amount of rows, and it was quicker than a temporary table, but a few years later there were hundreds of thousands of rows in the table variable and performance was terrible, so try and allow for some capacity planning when you make your decision!
在哪些情况下，一个会优于另一个?
对于较小的表(小于1000行)，使用临时变量，否则使用临时表。
另一个主要区别是表变量没有列统计信息，而临时表有。这意味着查询优化器不知道表变量中有多少行(它猜测是1)，如果表变量实际上有大量行，这可能导致生成高度非优化的计划。
推荐文章
- 如何为查询返回的每一行执行存储过程一次?
- 如果没有使用EXISTS引入子查询，则只能在选择列表中指定一个表达式
- SQL Server -事务回滚错误?
- 查询以列出数据库中每个表中的记录数量
- 在WHERE子句中引用列别名
- 存储图像在SQL Server?
- 列出在SQL Server上运行的查询
- 恢复未保存的SQL查询脚本
- 存储值为> 24:00:00的.Net Timespan的正确SQL类型是什么?
- 字符串或二进制数据将被截断
- 对象'xxxxxxx'，数据库'zzzzzzz'，模式'dbo'上的EXECUTE权限被拒绝
- 向临时表中插入数据
- 无法绑定多部分标识符
- 导入CSV文件到SQL Server中
- 在SQL server查询中将NULL替换为0
