检查一个值是否存在于一个非常大的列表的最快方法是什么?


当前回答

正如其他人所说,对于大型列表,in可能非常慢。这里比较了in, set和bisect的性能。注意时间(秒)是对数尺度。

测试代码:

import random
import bisect
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import math
import time


def method_in(a, b, c):
    start_time = time.time()
    for i, x in enumerate(a):
        if x in b:
            c[i] = 1
    return time.time() - start_time


def method_set_in(a, b, c):
    start_time = time.time()
    s = set(b)
    for i, x in enumerate(a):
        if x in s:
            c[i] = 1
    return time.time() - start_time


def method_bisect(a, b, c):
    start_time = time.time()
    b.sort()
    for i, x in enumerate(a):
        index = bisect.bisect_left(b, x)
        if index < len(a):
            if x == b[index]:
                c[i] = 1
    return time.time() - start_time


def profile():
    time_method_in = []
    time_method_set_in = []
    time_method_bisect = []

    # adjust range down if runtime is too long or up if there are too many zero entries in any of the time_method lists
    Nls = [x for x in range(10000, 30000, 1000)]
    for N in Nls:
        a = [x for x in range(0, N)]
        random.shuffle(a)
        b = [x for x in range(0, N)]
        random.shuffle(b)
        c = [0 for x in range(0, N)]

        time_method_in.append(method_in(a, b, c))
        time_method_set_in.append(method_set_in(a, b, c))
        time_method_bisect.append(method_bisect(a, b, c))

    plt.plot(Nls, time_method_in, marker='o', color='r', linestyle='-', label='in')
    plt.plot(Nls, time_method_set_in, marker='o', color='b', linestyle='-', label='set')
    plt.plot(Nls, time_method_bisect, marker='o', color='g', linestyle='-', label='bisect')
    plt.xlabel('list size', fontsize=18)
    plt.ylabel('log(time)', fontsize=18)
    plt.legend(loc='upper left')
    plt.yscale('log')
    plt.show()


profile()

其他回答

听起来您的应用程序可能会从使用Bloom Filter数据结构中获得优势。

简而言之,bloom过滤器查找可以非常快速地告诉你一个值是否绝对不存在于一个集合中。否则,您可以执行较慢的查找,以获得可能在列表中的值的索引。因此,如果您的应用程序倾向于获得“未找到”结果,而不是“找到”结果,您可能会通过添加Bloom Filter看到速度的提高。

关于细节,维基百科提供了Bloom过滤器如何工作的很好的概述,在网上搜索“python Bloom过滤器库”将提供至少两个有用的实现。

这不是代码,而是快速搜索的算法。

如果您的列表和您正在寻找的值都是数字,这是相当简单的。如果字符串:看底部:

-Let "n" be the length of your list -Optional step: if you need the index of the element: add a second column to the list with current index of elements (0 to n-1) - see later Order your list or a copy of it (.sort()) Loop through: Compare your number to the n/2th element of the list If larger, loop again between indexes n/2-n If smaller, loop again between indexes 0-n/2 If the same: you found it Keep narrowing the list until you have found it or only have 2 numbers (below and above the one you are looking for) This will find any element in at most 19 steps for a list of 1.000.000 (log(2)n to be precise)

如果您还需要您的数字的原始位置,请在第二索引列中查找。

如果您的列表不是由数字组成的,该方法仍然有效,并且将是最快的,但您可能需要定义一个可以比较/排序字符串的函数。

当然,这需要使用sorted()方法,但如果您不断重用相同的列表进行检查,那么这样做可能是值得的。

正如其他人所说,对于大型列表,in可能非常慢。这里比较了in, set和bisect的性能。注意时间(秒)是对数尺度。

测试代码:

import random
import bisect
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import math
import time


def method_in(a, b, c):
    start_time = time.time()
    for i, x in enumerate(a):
        if x in b:
            c[i] = 1
    return time.time() - start_time


def method_set_in(a, b, c):
    start_time = time.time()
    s = set(b)
    for i, x in enumerate(a):
        if x in s:
            c[i] = 1
    return time.time() - start_time


def method_bisect(a, b, c):
    start_time = time.time()
    b.sort()
    for i, x in enumerate(a):
        index = bisect.bisect_left(b, x)
        if index < len(a):
            if x == b[index]:
                c[i] = 1
    return time.time() - start_time


def profile():
    time_method_in = []
    time_method_set_in = []
    time_method_bisect = []

    # adjust range down if runtime is too long or up if there are too many zero entries in any of the time_method lists
    Nls = [x for x in range(10000, 30000, 1000)]
    for N in Nls:
        a = [x for x in range(0, N)]
        random.shuffle(a)
        b = [x for x in range(0, N)]
        random.shuffle(b)
        c = [0 for x in range(0, N)]

        time_method_in.append(method_in(a, b, c))
        time_method_set_in.append(method_set_in(a, b, c))
        time_method_bisect.append(method_bisect(a, b, c))

    plt.plot(Nls, time_method_in, marker='o', color='r', linestyle='-', label='in')
    plt.plot(Nls, time_method_set_in, marker='o', color='b', linestyle='-', label='set')
    plt.plot(Nls, time_method_bisect, marker='o', color='g', linestyle='-', label='bisect')
    plt.xlabel('list size', fontsize=18)
    plt.ylabel('log(time)', fontsize=18)
    plt.legend(loc='upper left')
    plt.yscale('log')
    plt.show()


profile()
a = [4,2,3,1,5,6]

index = dict((y,x) for x,y in enumerate(a))
try:
   a_index = index[7]
except KeyError:
   print "Not found"
else:
   print "found"

只有在a没有改变的情况下,这才会是一个好主意,因此我们可以只执行一次dict()部分,然后重复使用它。如果a确实发生了变化,请提供更多关于您正在做什么的细节。

def check_availability(element, collection: iter):
    return element in collection

使用

check_availability('a', [1,2,3,4,'a','b','c'])

我相信这是知道所选值是否在数组中的最快方法。