简短准确的回答，正式回答您的所有问题:

3.10.7. 空文字 空类型有一个值，即空引用，由 null literal null，由ASCII字符组成。 空字面值总是null类型。

只有赋值为null类型的引用才会被分配。您不需要为引用分配任何值(对象)。 这样的分配取决于JVM将占用多少引用以及将在哪个内存区域分配引用。

An interesting way to see null in java in my opinion is to see it as something that DOES NOT denote an absence of information but simply as a literal value that can be assigned to a reference of any type. If you think about it if it denoted absence of information then for a1==a2 to be true doesn't make sense (in case they were both assigned a value of null) as they could really could be pointing to ANY object (we simply don't know what objects they should be pointing to)... By the way null == null returns true in java. If java e.g. would be like SQL:1999 then null==null would return unknown (a boolean value in SQL:1999 can take three values : true,false and unknown but in practise unknown is implemented as null in real systems)... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL

null关键字是一个表示空引用的文字，它不引用任何对象。Null是引用类型变量的默认值。

也可以看看

null: Java术语

Null是一个特殊值，它不是任何类的实例。下面的程序说明了这一点:

public class X {
   void f(Object o)
   { 
      System.out.println(o instanceof String);   // Output is "false"
   }
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      new X().f(null);
   }
}

Null不是任何类的实例。

然而，你可以将null赋值给任何类型的变量(对象或数组):

 // this is false   
 boolean nope = (null instanceof String);

 // but you can still use it as a String
 String x = null;
 "abc".startsWith(null);

不，它不是任何东西的实例，instanceof总是false。