我将尝试总结Alex的伟大回答和jlmendezbonini的观点，添加一个修改，使所有内容都与ARC兼容(到目前为止，它不是因为ARC会抱怨，因为你应该返回id，这意味着“任何对象”，但BOOL不是对象类型)。

- (BOOL) endWorldHunger:(id)largeAmountsOfMonies error:(NSError**)error {
    // begin feeding the world's children...
    // it's all going well until....
    if (ohNoImOutOfMonies) {
        // sad, we can't solve world hunger, but we can let people know what went wrong!
        // init dictionary to be used to populate error object
        NSMutableDictionary* details = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
        [details setValue:@"ran out of money" forKey:NSLocalizedDescriptionKey];
        // populate the error object with the details
        if (error != NULL) {
             // populate the error object with the details
             *error = [NSError errorWithDomain:@"world" code:200 userInfo:details];
        }
        // we couldn't feed the world's children...return nil..sniffle...sniffle
        return NO;
    }
    // wohoo! We fed the world's children. The world is now in lots of debt. But who cares? 
    return YES;
}

现在，我们不再检查方法调用的返回值，而是检查error是否仍然为nil。如果不是，我们就有麻烦了。

// initialize NSError object
NSError* error = nil;
// try to feed the world
BOOL success = [self endWorldHunger:smallAmountsOfMonies error:&error];
if (!success) {
   // inspect error
   NSLog(@"%@", [error localizedDescription]);
}
// otherwise the world has been fed. Wow, your code must rock.

我看到的另一种设计模式涉及到使用块，这在方法异步运行时尤其有用。

假设我们定义了以下错误代码:

typedef NS_ENUM(NSInteger, MyErrorCodes) {
    MyErrorCodesEmptyString = 500,
    MyErrorCodesInvalidURL,
    MyErrorCodesUnableToReachHost,
};

你可以这样定义你的方法来引发一个错误:

- (void)getContentsOfURL:(NSString *)path success:(void(^)(NSString *html))success failure:(void(^)(NSError *error))failure {
    if (path.length == 0) {
        if (failure) {
            failure([NSError errorWithDomain:@"com.example" code:MyErrorCodesEmptyString userInfo:nil]);
        }
        return;
    }

    NSString *htmlContents = @"";

    // Exercise for the reader: get the contents at that URL or raise another error.

    if (success) {
        success(htmlContents);
    }
}

然后，当你调用它时，你不需要担心声明NSError对象(代码补全将为你完成)，或检查返回值。你可以只提供两个块:一个在有异常时被调用，另一个在成功时被调用:

[self getContentsOfURL:@"http://google.com" success:^(NSString *html) {
    NSLog(@"Contents: %@", html);
} failure:^(NSError *error) {
    NSLog(@"Failed to get contents: %@", error);
    if (error.code == MyErrorCodesEmptyString) { // make sure to check the domain too
        NSLog(@"You must provide a non-empty string");
    }
}];

extension NSError {
    static func defaultError() -> NSError {
        return NSError(domain: "com.app.error.domain", code: 0, userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "Something went wrong."])
    }
}

我可以使用NSError.defaultError()每当我没有有效的错误对象。

let error = NSError.defaultError()
print(error.localizedDescription) //Something went wrong.

我将尝试总结Alex的伟大回答和jlmendezbonini的观点，添加一个修改，使所有内容都与ARC兼容(到目前为止，它不是因为ARC会抱怨，因为你应该返回id，这意味着“任何对象”，但BOOL不是对象类型)。

- (BOOL) endWorldHunger:(id)largeAmountsOfMonies error:(NSError**)error {
    // begin feeding the world's children...
    // it's all going well until....
    if (ohNoImOutOfMonies) {
        // sad, we can't solve world hunger, but we can let people know what went wrong!
        // init dictionary to be used to populate error object
        NSMutableDictionary* details = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
        [details setValue:@"ran out of money" forKey:NSLocalizedDescriptionKey];
        // populate the error object with the details
        if (error != NULL) {
             // populate the error object with the details
             *error = [NSError errorWithDomain:@"world" code:200 userInfo:details];
        }
        // we couldn't feed the world's children...return nil..sniffle...sniffle
        return NO;
    }
    // wohoo! We fed the world's children. The world is now in lots of debt. But who cares? 
    return YES;
}

现在，我们不再检查方法调用的返回值，而是检查error是否仍然为nil。如果不是，我们就有麻烦了。

// initialize NSError object
NSError* error = nil;
// try to feed the world
BOOL success = [self endWorldHunger:smallAmountsOfMonies error:&error];
if (!success) {
   // inspect error
   NSLog(@"%@", [error localizedDescription]);
}
// otherwise the world has been fed. Wow, your code must rock.

请参考以下教程

我希望这对你有帮助，但在你必须阅读NSError的文档

这是我最近发现的一个非常有趣的链接

objective - c

NSError *err = [NSError errorWithDomain:@"some_domain"
                                   code:100
                               userInfo:@{
                                           NSLocalizedDescriptionKey:@"Something went wrong"
                               }];

斯威夫特3

let error = NSError(domain: "some_domain",
                      code: 100,
                  userInfo: [NSLocalizedDescriptionKey: "Something went wrong"])