它被称为IIFE -立即调用函数表达式。下面是一个例子来展示它的语法和用法。它用于将变量的使用范围限定在函数之前，而不是超出函数。

(function () {
  function Question(q,a,c) {
    this.q = q;
    this.a = a;
    this.c = c;
  }

  Question.prototype.displayQuestion = function() {
    console.log(this.q);
    for (var i = 0; i < this.a.length; i++) {
      console.log(i+": "+this.a[i]);
    }
  }

  Question.prototype.checkAnswer = function(ans) {
    if (ans===this.c) {
      console.log("correct");
    } else {
      console.log("incorrect");
    }
  }

  var q1 = new Question('Is Javascript the coolest?', ['yes', 'no'], 0);
  var q2 = new Question('Is python better than Javascript?', ['yes', 'no', 'both are same'], 2);
  var q3 = new Question('Is Javascript the worst?', ['yes', 'no'], 1);

  var questions = [q1, q2, q3];

  var n = Math.floor(Math.random() * questions.length)

  var answer = parseInt(prompt(questions[n].displayQuestion()));
  questions[n].checkAnswer(answer);
})();

立即调用的函数表达式(IIFE)立即调用函数。这仅仅意味着函数在定义完成后立即执行。

更常见的三个词:

// Crockford's preference - parens on the inside
(function() {
  console.log('Welcome to the Internet. Please follow me.');
}());

//The OPs example, parentheses on the outside
(function() {
  console.log('Welcome to the Internet. Please follow me.');
})();

//Using the exclamation mark operator
//https://stackoverflow.com/a/5654929/1175496
!function() {
  console.log('Welcome to the Internet. Please follow me.');
}();

如果对它的返回值没有特殊要求，那么我们可以这样写:

!function(){}();  // => true
~function(){}(); // => -1
+function(){}(); // => NaN
-function(){}();  // => NaN

或者，它可以是:

~(function(){})();
void function(){}();
true && function(){ /* code */ }();
15.0, function(){ /* code */ }();

你甚至可以这样写:

new function(){ /* code */ }
31.new function(){ /* code */ }() //If no parameters, the last () is not required

它声明了一个匿名函数，然后调用它:

(function (local_arg) {
   // anonymous function
   console.log(local_arg);
})(arg);

还有一个用例是内存，缓存对象不是全局的:

var calculate = (function() {
  var cache = {};
  return function(a) {

    if (cache[a]) {
      return cache[a];
    } else {
      // Calculate heavy operation
      cache[a] = heavyOperation(a);
      return cache[a];
    }
  }
})();

自执行函数通常用于封装上下文和避免名称混淆。在(function(){..})()中定义的任何变量都不是全局变量。

的代码

var same_name = 1;

var myVar = (function() {
    var same_name = 2;
    console.log(same_name);
})();

console.log(same_name);

产生如下输出:

2
1

通过使用这种语法，可以避免与JavaScript代码中其他地方声明的全局变量发生冲突。

这里已经有很多很好的答案了，但这里是我的2美分:p

你可以使用IIFE(立即调用函数表达式):

Avoiding pollution in the global namespace. Variables defined in IIFE (or even any normal function) don't overwrite definitions in global scope. Protecting code from being accessed by outer code. Everything that you define within the IIFE can be only be accessed within the IIFE. It protects code from being modified by outer code. Only what you explicitly return as the result of function or set as value to outer variables is accessible by outer code. Avoid naming functions that you don't need to use repeatedly. Though it's possible to use a named function in IIFE pattern you don't do it as there is no need to call it repeatedly, generally. For Universal Module Definitions which is used in many JS libraries. Check this question for details.

IIFE通常以以下方式使用:

(function(param){
   //code here
})(args);

您可以省略匿名函数周围的括号()，并在匿名函数之前使用void运算符。

void function(param){
   //code here
}(args);