I believe this has already been answered by other users before me, so I only add it for the sake of completeness: the with statement simplifies exception handling by encapsulating common preparation and cleanup tasks in so-called context managers. More details can be found in PEP 343. For instance, the open statement is a context manager in itself, which lets you open a file, keep it open as long as the execution is in the context of the with statement where you used it, and close it as soon as you leave the context, no matter whether you have left it because of an exception or during regular control flow. The with statement can thus be used in ways similar to the RAII pattern in C++: some resource is acquired by the with statement and released when you leave the with context. Some examples are: opening files using with open(filename) as fp:, acquiring locks using with lock: (where lock is an instance of threading.Lock). You can also construct your own context managers using the contextmanager decorator from contextlib. For instance, I often use this when I have to change the current directory temporarily and then return to where I was: from contextlib import contextmanager import os @contextmanager def working_directory(path): current_dir = os.getcwd() os.chdir(path) try: yield finally: os.chdir(current_dir) with working_directory("data/stuff"): # do something within data/stuff # here I am back again in the original working directory Here's another example that temporarily redirects sys.stdin, sys.stdout and sys.stderr to some other file handle and restores them later: from contextlib import contextmanager import sys @contextmanager def redirected(**kwds): stream_names = ["stdin", "stdout", "stderr"] old_streams = {} try: for sname in stream_names: stream = kwds.get(sname, None) if stream is not None and stream != getattr(sys, sname): old_streams[sname] = getattr(sys, sname) setattr(sys, sname, stream) yield finally: for sname, stream in old_streams.iteritems(): setattr(sys, sname, stream) with redirected(stdout=open("/tmp/log.txt", "w")): # these print statements will go to /tmp/log.txt print "Test entry 1" print "Test entry 2" # back to the normal stdout print "Back to normal stdout again" And finally, another example that creates a temporary folder and cleans it up when leaving the context: from tempfile import mkdtemp from shutil import rmtree @contextmanager def temporary_dir(*args, **kwds): name = mkdtemp(*args, **kwds) try: yield name finally: shutil.rmtree(name) with temporary_dir() as dirname: # do whatever you want

with语句适用于所谓的上下文管理器:

http://docs.python.org/release/2.5.2/lib/typecontextmanager.html

这个想法是通过在离开with块后进行必要的清理来简化异常处理。一些python内置程序已经作为上下文管理器工作。

反模式的一个例子可能是在循环内部使用with，而在循环外部使用with会更有效

例如

for row in lines:
    with open("outfile","a") as f:
        f.write(row)

vs

with open("outfile","a") as f:
    for row in lines:
        f.write(row)

第一种方法是为每一行打开和关闭文件，与第二种只打开和关闭一次文件的方法相比，这可能会导致性能问题。

同样，为了完整起见，我将添加最有用的with语句用例。

我做了很多科学计算，对于一些活动，我需要Decimal库进行任意精度计算。我的代码的某些部分我需要较高的精度，而对于大多数其他部分我需要较低的精度。

我将我的默认精度设置为一个较低的数字，然后使用with来获得一些部分的更精确的答案:

from decimal import localcontext

with localcontext() as ctx:
    ctx.prec = 42   # Perform a high precision calculation
    s = calculate_something()
s = +s  # Round the final result back to the default precision

我在Hypergeometric Test中经常使用这种方法，因为它需要对大数进行阶乘。当你进行基因组规模计算时，你必须小心四舍五入和溢出错误。

在python中，通常使用" with "语句打开文件，处理文件中的数据，并在不调用close()方法的情况下关闭文件。" with "语句通过提供清理活动简化了异常处理。

with的一般形式:

with open(“file name”, “mode”) as file_var:
    processing statements

注意:不需要在file_var.close()上调用close()来关闭文件

参见PEP 343 - 'with'语句，末尾有一个示例部分。

．.． 新的语句"with"到Python 制造语言 可以排除try/finally语句的标准用法。