很抱歉在这篇文章中出现了死灵，但我觉得有必要对一些似乎没有涉及到的事情进行权衡。

First a foremost - when we find ourselves needing access to private members on a class during unit testing, it is generally a big, fat red flag that we've goofed in our strategic or tactical approach and have inadvertently violated the single responsibility principal by pushing behavior where it does not belong. Feeling the need to access methods that are really nothing more than an isolated subroutine of a construction procedure is one of the most common occurrences of this; however, it's kind of like your boss expecting you to show up for work ready-to-go and also having some perverse need to know what morning routine you went through to get you into that state...

发生这种情况的另一个最常见的实例是当您发现自己试图测试众所周知的“神类”时。这本身是一种特殊的问题，但同样的基本问题是需要知道手术的详细信息——但这就跑题了。

在这个特定的例子中，我们有效地将完全初始化Bar对象的责任分配给了FooBar类的构造函数。在面向对象编程中，一个核心原则是构造函数是“神圣的”，应该防范无效数据，这些无效数据会使构造函数自己的内部状态失效，并使它在下游的其他地方(可能是一个非常深的管道)失败。

在这里，我们没有做到这一点，因为我们允许FooBar对象接受一个在构造FooBar时还没有准备好的Bar，并通过某种“hack”FooBar对象来补偿它，让它自己来处理问题。

This is the result of a failure to adhere to another tenent of object oriented programming (in the case of Bar,) which is that an object's state should be fully initialized and ready to handle any incoming calls to its' public members immediately after creation. Now, this does not mean immediately after the constructor is called in all instances. When you have an object that has many complex construction scenarios, then it is better to expose setters to its optional members to an object that is implemented in accordance with a creation design-pattern (Factory, Builder, etc...) In any of the latter cases, you would be pushing the initialization of the target object off into another object graph whose sole purpose is directing traffic to get you to a point where you have a valid instance of that which you are requesting - and the product should not be considered "ready" until after this creation object has served it up.

在你的例子中，Bar的“status”属性似乎不在一个FooBar可以接受的有效状态中——所以FooBar对它做了一些事情来纠正这个问题。

The second issue I am seeing is that it appears that you are trying to test your code rather than practice test-driven development. This is definitely my own opinion at this point in time; but, this type of testing is really an anti-pattern. What you end up doing is falling into the trap of realizing that you have core design problems that prevent your code from being testable after the fact, rather than writing the tests you need and subsequently programming to the tests. Either way you come at the problem, you should still end up with the same number of tests and lines of code had you truly achieved a SOLID implementation. So - why try and reverse engineer your way into testable code when you can just address the matter at the onset of your development efforts?

如果您这样做了，那么您将更早地意识到，为了测试您的设计，您将不得不编写一些相当繁琐的代码，并且将有机会在早期通过将行为转移到易于测试的实现来重新调整您的方法。

不要为私有方法编写测试。这就破坏了单元测试的意义。

您应该测试类的公共API 你不应该测试类的实现细节

例子

class SomeClass {

  public addNumber(a: number, b: number) {
      return a + b;
  }
}

如果之后实现发生变化，但公共API的行为保持不变，则该方法的测试不需要更改。

class SomeClass {

  public addNumber(a: number, b: number) {
      return this.add(a, b);
  }

  private add(a: number, b: number) {
       return a + b;
  }
}

不要仅仅为了测试而将方法和属性设为公共。这通常意味着:

您正在尝试测试实现，而不是API(公共接口)。 您应该将所讨论的逻辑移到它自己的类中，以使测试更容易。

我采用的这种方法是在类外部创建函数，并将函数分配给我的私有方法。

export class MyClass {
  private _myPrivateFunction = someFunctionThatCanBeTested;
}

function someFunctionThatCanBeTested() {
  //This Is Testable
}

现在我不知道我破坏了哪种类型的OOP规则，但是为了回答这个问题，这是我测试私有方法的方法。我欢迎任何人就利弊提出建议。

我同意你的观点，尽管“只对公共API进行单元测试”是一个很好的目标，但有时它看起来并不那么简单，你会觉得你在API和单元测试之间做出选择。你已经知道了，因为这正是你想要做的，所以我就不多说了。:)

在TypeScript中，我发现了一些为了单元测试而访问私有成员的方法。考虑这个类:

class MyThing {

    private _name:string;
    private _count:number;

    constructor() {
        this.init("Test", 123);
    }

    private init(name:string, count:number){
        this._name = name;
        this._count = count;
    }

    public get name(){ return this._name; }

    public get count(){ return this._count; }

}

尽管TS使用private、protected、public来限制对类成员的访问，但编译后的JS没有private成员，因为这在JS中是不存在的。它纯粹用于TS编译器。因此:

You can assert to any and escape the compiler from warning you about access restrictions: (thing as any)._name = "Unit Test"; (thing as any)._count = 123; (thing as any).init("Unit Test", 123); The problem with this approach is that the compiler simply has no idea what you are doing right of the any, so you don't get desired type errors: (thing as any)._name = 123; // wrong, but no error (thing as any)._count = "Unit Test"; // wrong, but no error (thing as any).init(0, "123"); // wrong, but no error This will obviously make refactoring more difficult. You can use array access ([]) to get at the private members: thing["_name"] = "Unit Test"; thing["_count"] = 123; thing["init"]("Unit Test", 123); While it looks funky, TSC will actually validate the types as if you accessed them directly: thing["_name"] = 123; // type error thing["_count"] = "Unit Test"; // type error thing["init"](0, "123"); // argument error To be honest I don't know why this works. This is apparently an intentional "escape hatch" to give you access to private members without losing type safety. This is exactly what I think you want for your unit-testing.

下面是TypeScript Playground中的一个工作示例。

编辑为TypeScript 2.6

另一个选项是使用// @ts-ignore(在TS 2.6中添加)，它简单地抑制了下面一行的所有错误:

// @ts-ignore
thing._name = "Unit Test";

这样做的问题是，它抑制了下面一行的所有错误:

// @ts-ignore
thing._name(123).this.should.NOT.beAllowed("but it is") = window / {};

我个人认为@ts-ignore是一种代码气味，正如文档所说:

我们建议您尽量少使用这些注释。(强调原创)

使用方括号调用私有方法。

Ts文件

class Calculate{
  private total;
  private add(a: number) {
      return a + total;
  }
}

spect。ts文件

it('should return 5 if input 3 and 2', () => {
    component['total'] = 2;
    let result = component['add'](3);
    expect(result).toEqual(5);
});

你可以调用私有方法!

如果您遇到以下错误:

expect(new FooBar(/*...*/).initFooBar()).toEqual(/*...*/)
// TS2341: Property 'initFooBar' is private and only accessible within class 'FooBar'

只需使用// @ts-ignore:

// @ts-ignore
expect(new FooBar(/*...*/).initFooBar()).toEqual(/*...*/)

感谢@Moff452的评论。你也可以这样写:

expect(new FooBar(/*...*/)['initFooBar']()).toEqual(/*...*/)

更新:

@ts-expect-error是@ts-ignore的更好选择。看到的: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-9.html#ts-ignore-or-ts-expect-error