再简单一点:

Drawable image = context.getResources().getDrawable(R.drawable.ic_action );
image.setBounds( 0, 0, image.getIntrinsicWidth(), image.getIntrinsicHeight() );
button.setCompoundDrawables( image, null, null, null );

在芬兰湾的科特林:

1)设置可绘制:

val drawable = ContextCompat.getDrawable(context!!,R.drawable.ic_image)?.apply {
    setBounds(0, 0, intrinsicWidth, intrinsicHeight)
}

or

val drawable = ResourcesCompat.getDrawable(resources, R.drawable.ic_image, null)?.apply {
    setBounds(0, 0, minimumWidth, minimumHeight)
}

2)设置TextView:

textView.setCompoundDrawablesWithIntrinsicBounds(drawable, null, null, null)

or

button.setCompoundDrawables(null, drawable, null, null)

Kotlin的例子:

    val myView = layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.my_view, null) as TextView
    myView.setCompoundDrawablesWithIntrinsicBounds(0, myDrawable, 0, 0)

使用这个(我测试过)。效果很好

Drawable image = context.getResources().getDrawable( R.drawable.ic_action );
int h = image.getIntrinsicHeight(); 
int w = image.getIntrinsicWidth();   
image.setBounds( 0, 0, w, h );
button.setCompoundDrawables( image, null, null, null );

再简单一点:

Drawable image = context.getResources().getDrawable(R.drawable.ic_action );
image.setBounds( 0, 0, image.getIntrinsicWidth(), image.getIntrinsicHeight() );
button.setCompoundDrawables( image, null, null, null );

我需要使用setCompoundDrawablesWithIntrinsicBounds。