switch语句真的比if语句快吗?

我在Visual Studio 2010的x64 c++编译器上使用/Ox标志运行下面的代码:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

#define MAX_COUNT (1 << 29)
size_t counter = 0;

size_t testSwitch()
{
    clock_t start = clock();
    size_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_COUNT; i++)
    {
        switch (counter % 4 + 1)
        {
            case 1: counter += 4; break;
            case 2: counter += 3; break;
            case 3: counter += 2; break;
            case 4: counter += 1; break;
        }
    }
    return 1000 * (clock() - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
}

size_t testIf()
{
    clock_t start = clock();
    size_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_COUNT; i++)
    {
        const size_t c = counter % 4 + 1;
        if (c == 1) { counter += 4; }
        else if (c == 2) { counter += 3; }
        else if (c == 3) { counter += 2; }
        else if (c == 4) { counter += 1; }
    }
    return 1000 * (clock() - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
}

int main()
{
    printf("Starting...\n");
    printf("Switch statement: %u ms\n", testSwitch());
    printf("If     statement: %u ms\n", testIf());
}

并得到了这些结果:

Switch语句:5261 ms If语句:5196毫秒

据我所知,switch语句显然使用跳转表来优化分支。

问题:

在x86或x64中,基本的跳转表是什么样的? 这段代码是否使用了跳转表? 为什么在这个例子中没有性能差异?是否存在存在显著性能差异的情况?


代码的反汇编:

testIf:

13FE81B10 sub  rsp,48h 
13FE81B14 call qword ptr [__imp_clock (13FE81128h)] 
13FE81B1A mov  dword ptr [start],eax 
13FE81B1E mov  qword ptr [i],0 
13FE81B27 jmp  testIf+26h (13FE81B36h) 
13FE81B29 mov  rax,qword ptr [i] 
13FE81B2E inc  rax  
13FE81B31 mov  qword ptr [i],rax 
13FE81B36 cmp  qword ptr [i],20000000h 
13FE81B3F jae  testIf+0C3h (13FE81BD3h) 
13FE81B45 xor  edx,edx 
13FE81B47 mov  rax,qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)] 
13FE81B4E mov  ecx,4 
13FE81B53 div  rax,rcx 
13FE81B56 mov  rax,rdx 
13FE81B59 inc  rax  
13FE81B5C mov  qword ptr [c],rax 
13FE81B61 cmp  qword ptr [c],1 
13FE81B67 jne  testIf+6Dh (13FE81B7Dh) 
13FE81B69 mov  rax,qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)] 
13FE81B70 add  rax,4 
13FE81B74 mov  qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)],rax 
13FE81B7B jmp  testIf+0BEh (13FE81BCEh) 
13FE81B7D cmp  qword ptr [c],2 
13FE81B83 jne  testIf+89h (13FE81B99h) 
13FE81B85 mov  rax,qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)] 
13FE81B8C add  rax,3 
13FE81B90 mov  qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)],rax 
13FE81B97 jmp  testIf+0BEh (13FE81BCEh) 
13FE81B99 cmp  qword ptr [c],3 
13FE81B9F jne  testIf+0A5h (13FE81BB5h) 
13FE81BA1 mov  rax,qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)] 
13FE81BA8 add  rax,2 
13FE81BAC mov  qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)],rax 
13FE81BB3 jmp  testIf+0BEh (13FE81BCEh) 
13FE81BB5 cmp  qword ptr [c],4 
13FE81BBB jne  testIf+0BEh (13FE81BCEh) 
13FE81BBD mov  rax,qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)] 
13FE81BC4 inc  rax  
13FE81BC7 mov  qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)],rax 
13FE81BCE jmp  testIf+19h (13FE81B29h) 
13FE81BD3 call qword ptr [__imp_clock (13FE81128h)] 
13FE81BD9 sub  eax,dword ptr [start] 
13FE81BDD imul eax,eax,3E8h 
13FE81BE3 cdq       
13FE81BE4 mov  ecx,3E8h 
13FE81BE9 idiv eax,ecx 
13FE81BEB cdqe      
13FE81BED add  rsp,48h 
13FE81BF1 ret       

testSwitch:

13FE81C00 sub  rsp,48h 
13FE81C04 call qword ptr [__imp_clock (13FE81128h)] 
13FE81C0A mov  dword ptr [start],eax 
13FE81C0E mov  qword ptr [i],0 
13FE81C17 jmp  testSwitch+26h (13FE81C26h) 
13FE81C19 mov  rax,qword ptr [i] 
13FE81C1E inc  rax  
13FE81C21 mov  qword ptr [i],rax 
13FE81C26 cmp  qword ptr [i],20000000h 
13FE81C2F jae  testSwitch+0C5h (13FE81CC5h) 
13FE81C35 xor  edx,edx 
13FE81C37 mov  rax,qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)] 
13FE81C3E mov  ecx,4 
13FE81C43 div  rax,rcx 
13FE81C46 mov  rax,rdx 
13FE81C49 inc  rax  
13FE81C4C mov  qword ptr [rsp+30h],rax 
13FE81C51 cmp  qword ptr [rsp+30h],1 
13FE81C57 je   testSwitch+73h (13FE81C73h) 
13FE81C59 cmp  qword ptr [rsp+30h],2 
13FE81C5F je   testSwitch+87h (13FE81C87h) 
13FE81C61 cmp  qword ptr [rsp+30h],3 
13FE81C67 je   testSwitch+9Bh (13FE81C9Bh) 
13FE81C69 cmp  qword ptr [rsp+30h],4 
13FE81C6F je   testSwitch+0AFh (13FE81CAFh) 
13FE81C71 jmp  testSwitch+0C0h (13FE81CC0h) 
13FE81C73 mov  rax,qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)] 
13FE81C7A add  rax,4 
13FE81C7E mov  qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)],rax 
13FE81C85 jmp  testSwitch+0C0h (13FE81CC0h) 
13FE81C87 mov  rax,qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)] 
13FE81C8E add  rax,3 
13FE81C92 mov  qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)],rax 
13FE81C99 jmp  testSwitch+0C0h (13FE81CC0h) 
13FE81C9B mov  rax,qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)] 
13FE81CA2 add  rax,2 
13FE81CA6 mov  qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)],rax 
13FE81CAD jmp  testSwitch+0C0h (13FE81CC0h) 
13FE81CAF mov  rax,qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)] 
13FE81CB6 inc  rax  
13FE81CB9 mov  qword ptr [counter (13FE835D0h)],rax 
13FE81CC0 jmp  testSwitch+19h (13FE81C19h) 
13FE81CC5 call qword ptr [__imp_clock (13FE81128h)] 
13FE81CCB sub  eax,dword ptr [start] 
13FE81CCF imul eax,eax,3E8h 
13FE81CD5 cdq       
13FE81CD6 mov  ecx,3E8h 
13FE81CDB idiv eax,ecx 
13FE81CDD cdqe      
13FE81CDF add  rsp,48h 
13FE81CE3 ret       

更新:

有趣的结果。但不知道为什么一个更快,一个更慢。


当前回答

您如何知道您的计算机在交换机测试循环期间没有执行与测试无关的任务,并且在if测试循环期间执行较少的任务?你的测试结果没有显示:

差别非常小 只有一个结果,而不是一系列的结果 病例太少了

我的结果:

我添加:

printf("counter: %u\n", counter);

到最后,这样它就不会优化循环,因为计数器在你的例子中从未使用过,那么为什么编译器要执行循环?立即,即使在这样的微观基准下,转换也总是获胜。

你代码的另一个问题是:

switch (counter % 4 + 1)

在你的开关循环中,相对

const size_t c = counter % 4 + 1; 

在if循环中。如果你解决了这个问题,会有很大的不同。我认为,将语句放在switch语句中会触发编译器直接将值发送到CPU寄存器中,而不是先将其放入堆栈中。因此,这有利于switch语句,而不是平衡测试。

哦,我认为你应该在测试之间重置计数器。事实上,你可能应该使用一些随机数,而不是+1,+2,+3等,因为它可能会优化那里的某些东西。例如,我所说的随机数是指基于当前时间的数字。否则,编译器可能会把你的两个函数都转换成一个很长的数学运算,甚至不需要任何循环。

我修改了Ryan的代码,以确保编译器不能在代码运行之前解决问题:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

#define MAX_COUNT (1 << 26)
size_t counter = 0;

long long testSwitch()
{
    clock_t start = clock();
    size_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_COUNT; i++)
    {
        const size_t c = rand() % 20 + 1;

        switch (c)
        {
                case 1: counter += 20; break;
                case 2: counter += 33; break;
                case 3: counter += 62; break;
                case 4: counter += 15; break;
                case 5: counter += 416; break;
                case 6: counter += 3545; break;
                case 7: counter += 23; break;
                case 8: counter += 81; break;
                case 9: counter += 256; break;
                case 10: counter += 15865; break;
                case 11: counter += 3234; break;
                case 12: counter += 22345; break;
                case 13: counter += 1242; break;
                case 14: counter += 12341; break;
                case 15: counter += 41; break;
                case 16: counter += 34321; break;
                case 17: counter += 232; break;
                case 18: counter += 144231; break;
                case 19: counter += 32; break;
                case 20: counter += 1231; break;
        }
    }
    return 1000 * (long long)(clock() - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
}

long long testIf()
{
    clock_t start = clock();
    size_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_COUNT; i++)
    {
        const size_t c = rand() % 20 + 1;
        if (c == 1) { counter += 20; }
        else if (c == 2) { counter += 33; }
        else if (c == 3) { counter += 62; }
        else if (c == 4) { counter += 15; }
        else if (c == 5) { counter += 416; }
        else if (c == 6) { counter += 3545; }
        else if (c == 7) { counter += 23; }
        else if (c == 8) { counter += 81; }
        else if (c == 9) { counter += 256; }
        else if (c == 10) { counter += 15865; }
        else if (c == 11) { counter += 3234; }
        else if (c == 12) { counter += 22345; }
        else if (c == 13) { counter += 1242; }
        else if (c == 14) { counter += 12341; }
        else if (c == 15) { counter += 41; }
        else if (c == 16) { counter += 34321; }
        else if (c == 17) { counter += 232; }
        else if (c == 18) { counter += 144231; }
        else if (c == 19) { counter += 32; }
        else if (c == 20) { counter += 1231; }
    }
    return 1000 * (long long)(clock() - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
}

int main()
{
    srand(time(NULL));
    printf("Starting...\n");
    printf("Switch statement: %lld ms\n", testSwitch()); fflush(stdout);
    printf("counter: %d\n", counter);
    counter = 0;
    srand(time(NULL));
    printf("If     statement: %lld ms\n", testIf()); fflush(stdout);
    printf("counter: %d\n", counter);
} 

开关:3740 如果:3980

(多次尝试的结果相似)

我还将case /if的数量减少到5,切换功能仍然获胜。

其他回答

编译器可以自由地将switch语句编译为相当于if-statement的代码,或者创建一个跳转表。它可能会根据你在编译器选项中指定的内容来选择一个执行最快的语句,或者生成最小的代码——所以最坏的情况下它将与if语句相同的速度

我相信编译器会做出最好的选择,并专注于使代码最有可读性。

如果情况的数量变得非常大,那么跳转表将比一系列的If快得多。但是,如果值之间的步长非常大,那么跳转表可能会变得很大,编译器可能会选择不生成一个。

编译器可以对交换机进行几种优化。我不认为经常提到的“跳跃表”是非常有用的,因为它只在输入可以以某种方式被限制时才有效。

C“跳转表”的伪代码是这样的——注意,实际上编译器需要在表周围插入某种形式的if测试,以确保输入在表中是有效的。还要注意,它只在输入是连续数字的特定情况下才有效。

如果交换机中的分支数量非常大,编译器可以对交换机的值使用二进制搜索,这(在我看来)将是一个更有用的优化,因为它在某些场景中显著提高了性能,与交换机一样通用,并且不会导致更大的生成代码大小。但是要看到这一点,您的测试代码将需要更多的分支来查看任何差异。

回答您的具体问题:

Clang generates one that looks like this: test_switch(char): # @test_switch(char) movl %edi, %eax cmpl $19, %edi jbe .LBB0_1 retq .LBB0_1: jmpq *.LJTI0_0(,%rax,8) jmp void call<0u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<1u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<2u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<3u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<4u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<5u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<6u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<7u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<8u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<9u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<10u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<11u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<12u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<13u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<14u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<15u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<16u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<17u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<18u>() # TAILCALL jmp void call<19u>() # TAILCALL .LJTI0_0: .quad .LBB0_2 .quad .LBB0_3 .quad .LBB0_4 .quad .LBB0_5 .quad .LBB0_6 .quad .LBB0_7 .quad .LBB0_8 .quad .LBB0_9 .quad .LBB0_10 .quad .LBB0_11 .quad .LBB0_12 .quad .LBB0_13 .quad .LBB0_14 .quad .LBB0_15 .quad .LBB0_16 .quad .LBB0_17 .quad .LBB0_18 .quad .LBB0_19 .quad .LBB0_20 .quad .LBB0_21 I can say that it is not using a jump table -- 4 comparison instructions are clearly visible: 13FE81C51 cmp qword ptr [rsp+30h],1 13FE81C57 je testSwitch+73h (13FE81C73h) 13FE81C59 cmp qword ptr [rsp+30h],2 13FE81C5F je testSwitch+87h (13FE81C87h) 13FE81C61 cmp qword ptr [rsp+30h],3 13FE81C67 je testSwitch+9Bh (13FE81C9Bh) 13FE81C69 cmp qword ptr [rsp+30h],4 13FE81C6F je testSwitch+0AFh (13FE81CAFh) A jump table based solution does not use comparison at all. Either not enough branches to cause the compiler to generate a jump table, or your compiler simply doesn't generate them. I'm not sure which.

EDIT 2014: There has been some discussion elsewhere from people familiar with the LLVM optimizer saying that the jump table optimization can be important in many scenarios; e.g. in cases where there is an enumeration with many values and many cases against values in said enumeration. That said, I stand by what I said above in 2011 -- too often I see people thinking "if I make it a switch, it'll be the same time no matter how many cases I have" -- and that's completely false. Even with a jump table you get the indirect jump cost and you pay for entries in the table for each case; and memory bandwidth is a Big Deal on modern hardware.

为可读性编写代码。任何有价值的编译器都会看到一个if / else if阶梯,并将其转换为等效的开关,反之亦然,如果这样做会更快的话。

注意,当一个switch没有编译到一个跳转表时,你经常可以写if比switch更有效…

(1)如果情况是有序的,而不是对所有N进行最坏的情况测试,你可以写你的if在上半部分或下半部分测试if,然后在每个一半,二分搜索风格…结果最坏的情况是logN而不是N

(2)如果某些情况/组比其他情况更频繁,那么设计你的if首先隔离这些情况可以加快平均时间

I'll answer 2) and make some general comments. 2) No, there is no jump table in the assembly code you've posted. A jump table is a table of jump destinations, and one or two instructions to jump directly to an indexed location from the table. A jump table would make more sense when there are many possible switch destinations. Maybe the optimiser knows that simple if else logic is faster unless the number of destinations is greater than some threshold. Try your example again with say 20 possibilities instead of 4.

您如何知道您的计算机在交换机测试循环期间没有执行与测试无关的任务,并且在if测试循环期间执行较少的任务?你的测试结果没有显示:

差别非常小 只有一个结果,而不是一系列的结果 病例太少了

我的结果:

我添加:

printf("counter: %u\n", counter);

到最后,这样它就不会优化循环,因为计数器在你的例子中从未使用过,那么为什么编译器要执行循环?立即,即使在这样的微观基准下,转换也总是获胜。

你代码的另一个问题是:

switch (counter % 4 + 1)

在你的开关循环中,相对

const size_t c = counter % 4 + 1; 

在if循环中。如果你解决了这个问题,会有很大的不同。我认为,将语句放在switch语句中会触发编译器直接将值发送到CPU寄存器中,而不是先将其放入堆栈中。因此,这有利于switch语句,而不是平衡测试。

哦,我认为你应该在测试之间重置计数器。事实上,你可能应该使用一些随机数,而不是+1,+2,+3等,因为它可能会优化那里的某些东西。例如,我所说的随机数是指基于当前时间的数字。否则,编译器可能会把你的两个函数都转换成一个很长的数学运算,甚至不需要任何循环。

我修改了Ryan的代码,以确保编译器不能在代码运行之前解决问题:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

#define MAX_COUNT (1 << 26)
size_t counter = 0;

long long testSwitch()
{
    clock_t start = clock();
    size_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_COUNT; i++)
    {
        const size_t c = rand() % 20 + 1;

        switch (c)
        {
                case 1: counter += 20; break;
                case 2: counter += 33; break;
                case 3: counter += 62; break;
                case 4: counter += 15; break;
                case 5: counter += 416; break;
                case 6: counter += 3545; break;
                case 7: counter += 23; break;
                case 8: counter += 81; break;
                case 9: counter += 256; break;
                case 10: counter += 15865; break;
                case 11: counter += 3234; break;
                case 12: counter += 22345; break;
                case 13: counter += 1242; break;
                case 14: counter += 12341; break;
                case 15: counter += 41; break;
                case 16: counter += 34321; break;
                case 17: counter += 232; break;
                case 18: counter += 144231; break;
                case 19: counter += 32; break;
                case 20: counter += 1231; break;
        }
    }
    return 1000 * (long long)(clock() - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
}

long long testIf()
{
    clock_t start = clock();
    size_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_COUNT; i++)
    {
        const size_t c = rand() % 20 + 1;
        if (c == 1) { counter += 20; }
        else if (c == 2) { counter += 33; }
        else if (c == 3) { counter += 62; }
        else if (c == 4) { counter += 15; }
        else if (c == 5) { counter += 416; }
        else if (c == 6) { counter += 3545; }
        else if (c == 7) { counter += 23; }
        else if (c == 8) { counter += 81; }
        else if (c == 9) { counter += 256; }
        else if (c == 10) { counter += 15865; }
        else if (c == 11) { counter += 3234; }
        else if (c == 12) { counter += 22345; }
        else if (c == 13) { counter += 1242; }
        else if (c == 14) { counter += 12341; }
        else if (c == 15) { counter += 41; }
        else if (c == 16) { counter += 34321; }
        else if (c == 17) { counter += 232; }
        else if (c == 18) { counter += 144231; }
        else if (c == 19) { counter += 32; }
        else if (c == 20) { counter += 1231; }
    }
    return 1000 * (long long)(clock() - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
}

int main()
{
    srand(time(NULL));
    printf("Starting...\n");
    printf("Switch statement: %lld ms\n", testSwitch()); fflush(stdout);
    printf("counter: %d\n", counter);
    counter = 0;
    srand(time(NULL));
    printf("If     statement: %lld ms\n", testIf()); fflush(stdout);
    printf("counter: %d\n", counter);
} 

开关:3740 如果:3980

(多次尝试的结果相似)

我还将case /if的数量减少到5,切换功能仍然获胜。