每个人都会遇到语法错误。即使是经验丰富的程序员也会出现拼写错误。对于新人来说,这只是学习过程的一部分。然而,通常很容易解释如下错误消息:
PHP解析错误:语法错误,在index.php第20行中出现意外的“{”
意想不到的符号并不总是真正的罪魁祸首。但是行号给出了从哪里开始查找的大致概念。
总是查看代码上下文。语法错误通常隐藏在前面提到的或前面的代码行中。将您的代码与手册中的语法示例进行比较。
但并不是所有情况都是一样的。但是有一些通用的步骤可以解决语法错误。
本文总结了常见的陷阱:
Unexpected T_STRING
Unexpected T_VARIABLE Unexpected '$varname' (T_VARIABLE)
Unexpected T_CONSTANT_ENCAPSED_STRING Unexpected T_ENCAPSED_AND_WHITESPACE
Unexpected $end
Unexpected T_FUNCTION…
Unexpected {Unexpected }Unexpected (Unexpected )
Unexpected [Unexpected ]
Unexpected T_IF Unexpected T_FOREACH Unexpected T_FOR Unexpected T_WHILE Unexpected T_DO Unexpected T_PRINT Unexpected T_ECHO
Unexpected T_LNUMBER
Unexpected ?
Unexpected continue (T_CONTINUE)Unexpected continue (T_BREAK)Unexpected continue (T_RETURN)
Unexpected '='
Unexpected T_INLINE_HTML…
Unexpected T_PAAMAYIM_NEKUDOTAYIM…
Unexpected T_OBJECT_OPERATOR…
Unexpected T_DOUBLE_ARROW…
Unexpected T_SL…
Unexpected T_BOOLEAN_OR…
Unexpected T_BOOLEAN_AND…
Unexpected T_IS_EQUAL
Unexpected T_IS_GREATER_OR_EQUAL
Unexpected T_IS_IDENTICAL
Unexpected T_IS_NOT_EQUAL
Unexpected T_IS_NOT_IDENTICAL
Unexpected T_IS_SMALLER_OR_EQUAL
Unexpected <
Unexpected >
Unexpected T_NS_SEPARATOR…
Unexpected character in input: '\' (ASCII=92) state=1
Unexpected 'public' (T_PUBLIC) Unexpected 'private' (T_PRIVATE) Unexpected 'protected' (T_PROTECTED) Unexpected 'final' (T_FINAL)…
Unexpected T_STATIC…
Unexpected T_CLASS…
Unexpected 'use' (T_USE)
Unexpected T_DNUMBER
Unexpected , (comma)
Unpexected . (period)
Unexpected ; (semicolon)
Unexpected * (asterisk)
Unexpected : (colon)
Unexpected ':', expecting ',' or ')'
Unexpected & (call-time pass-by-reference)
Unexpected .
密切相关的参考文献:
这个错误在PHP中意味着什么?(运行时错误)
解析错误:语法错误,意外的T_XXX
解析错误:语法错误,意外的T_ENCAPSED_AND_WHITESPACE
解析错误:语法错误,意外的T_VARIABLE
这个符号在PHP中是什么意思?(语言标记)
这些“聪明”的引号对PHP毫无意义
And:
php.net上的PHP手册和它的各种语言标记
或者维基百科关于PHP的语法介绍。
最后是我们的php标签维基。
虽然Stack Overflow也欢迎新手程序员,但它主要针对的是专业编程问题。
回答每个人的编码错误和狭窄的拼写错误被认为是离题了。
因此,在发布语法修正请求之前,请花时间遵循基本步骤。
如果你仍然必须这样做,请展示你自己的解决方案,尝试修复,以及你对看起来或可能错误的思考过程。
如果您的浏览器显示错误消息,如“SyntaxError: illegal character”,那么它实际上不是php相关的,而是javascript语法错误。
供应商代码引起的语法错误:最后,考虑一下,如果语法错误不是由编辑代码库引起的,而是在外部供应商包安装或升级之后引起的,则可能是由于PHP版本不兼容造成的,因此请根据平台设置检查供应商的要求。
意想不到的(
开括号通常跟在if/foreach/for/array/list这样的语言结构之后,或者开始一个算术表达式。它们在“strings”后,previous(),单独的$和一些典型的声明上下文中都是语法错误的。
Function declaration parameters
A rarer occurrence for this error is trying to use expressions as default function parameters. This is not supported, even in PHP7:
function header_fallback($value, $expires = time() + 90000) {
Parameters in a function declaration can only be literal values or constant expressions. Unlike for function invocations, where you can freely use whatever(1+something()*2), etc.
Class property defaults
Same thing for class member declarations, where only literal/constant values are allowed, not expressions:
class xyz { ⇓
var $default = get_config("xyz_default");
Put such things in the constructor.
See also Why don't PHP attributes allow functions?
Again note that PHP 7 only allows var $xy = 1 + 2 +3; constant expressions there.
JavaScript syntax in PHP
Using JavaScript or jQuery syntax won't work in PHP for obvious reasons:
<?php ⇓
print $(document).text();
When this happens, it usually indicates an unterminated preceding string; and literal <script> sections leaking into PHP code context.
isset(()), empty, key, next, current
Both isset() and empty() are language built-ins, not functions. They need to access a variable directly. If you inadvertently add a pair of parentheses too much, then you'd create an expression however:
⇓
if (isset(($_GET["id"]))) {
The same applies to any language construct that requires implicit variable name access. These built-ins are part of the language grammar, therefore don't permit decorative extra parentheses.
User-level functions that require a variable reference -but get an expression result passed- lead to runtime errors instead.
意想不到的)
Absent function parameter
You cannot have stray commas last in a function call. PHP expects a value there and thusly complains about an early closing ) parenthesis.
⇓
callfunc(1, 2, );
A trailing comma is only allowed in array() or list() constructs.
Unfinished expressions
If you forget something in an arithmetic expression, then the parser gives up. Because how should it possibly interpret that:
⇓
$var = 2 * (1 + );
And if you forgot the closing ) even, then you'd get a complaint about the unexpected semicolon instead.
Foreach as constant
For forgotten variable $ prefixes in control statements you will see:
↓ ⇓
foreach ($array as wrong) {
PHP here sometimes tells you it expected a :: instead. Because a class::$variable could have satisfied the expected $variable expression..
意想不到的{
花括号{和}括起代码块。关于它们的语法错误通常表示一些不正确的嵌套。
Unmatched subexpressions in an if
Most commonly unbalanced ( and ) are the cause if the parser complains about the opening curly { appearing too early. A simple example:
⇓
if (($x == $y) && (2 == true) {
Count your parentheses or use an IDE which helps with that. Also don't write code without any spaces. Readability counts.
{ and } in expression context
You can't use curly braces in expressions. If you confuse parentheses and curlys, it won't comply to the language grammar:
⇓
$var = 5 * {7 + $x};
There are a few exceptions for identifier construction, such as local scope variable ${references}.
Variable variables or curly var expressions
This is pretty rare. But you might also get { and } parser complaints for complex variable expressions:
⇓
print "Hello {$world[2{]} !";
Though there's a higher likelihood for an unexpected } in such contexts.
意想不到的}
当出现“意外}”错误时,您多半过早地关闭了代码块。
Last statement in a code block
It can happen for any unterminated expression.
And if the last line in a function/code block lacks a trailing ; semicolon:
function whatever() {
doStuff()
} ⇧
Here the parser can't tell if you perhaps still wanted to add + 25; to the function result or something else.
Invalid block nesting / Forgotten {
You'll sometimes see this parser error when a code block was } closed too early, or you forgot an opening { even:
function doStuff() {
if (true) ⇦
print "yes";
}
} ⇧
In above snippet the if didn't have an opening { curly brace. Thus the closing } one below became redundant. And therefore the next closing }, which was intended for the function, was not associable to the original opening { curly brace.
Such errors are even harder to find without proper code indentation. Use an IDE and bracket matching.
意料之外的,期待的
需要条件/声明标头和代码块的语言构造将触发此错误。
参数列表
例如,不允许错误声明没有参数列表的函数:
⇓
函数whatever {
}
控制语句条件
你也不能无条件地有一个如果。
⇓
如果{
}
这显然说不通。对于常见的疑点,for/foreach, while/do等等,也是如此。
如果您遇到了这种特殊的错误,您绝对应该查找一些手册示例。
意想不到的“。”
如果您试图在不受支持的PHP版本中使用splat操作符(…),就会发生这种情况。
... 首次在PHP 5.6中可用来捕获函数的可变数量的参数:
function concatenate($transform, ...$strings) {
$string = '';
foreach($strings as $piece) {
$string .= $piece;
}
return($transform($string));
}
echo concatenate("strtoupper", "I'd ", "like ", 4 + 2, " apples");
// This would print:
// I'D LIKE 6 APPLES
在PHP 7.4中,可以将它用于Array表达式。
$parts = ['apple', 'pear'];
$fruits = ['banana', 'orange', ...$parts, 'watermelon'];
// ['banana', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'watermelon'];
意想不到的T_VARIABLE
一个“意外的T_VARIABLE”意味着有一个字面的$变量名,它不适合当前表达式/语句结构。
Missing semicolon
It most commonly indicates a missing semicolon in the previous line. Variable assignments following a statement are a good indicator where to look:
⇓
func1()
$var = 1 + 2; # parse error in line +2
String concatenation
A frequent mishap are string concatenations with forgotten . operator:
⇓
print "Here comes the value: " $value;
Btw, you should prefer string interpolation (basic variables in double quotes) whenever that helps readability. Which avoids these syntax issues.
String interpolation is a scripting language core feature. No shame in utilizing it. Ignore any micro-optimization advise about variable . concatenation being faster. It's not.
Missing expression operators
Of course the same issue can arise in other expressions, for instance arithmetic operations:
⇓
print 4 + 7 $var;
PHP can't guess here if the variable should have been added, subtracted or compared etc.
Lists
Same for syntax lists, like in array populations, where the parser also indicates an expected comma , for example:
⇓
$var = array("1" => $val, $val2, $val3 $val4);
Or functions parameter lists:
⇓
function myfunc($param1, $param2 $param3, $param4)
Equivalently do you see this with list or global statements, or when lacking a ; semicolon in a for loop.
Class declarations
This parser error also occurs in class declarations. You can only assign static constants, not expressions. Thus the parser complains about variables as assigned data:
class xyz { ⇓
var $value = $_GET["input"];
Unmatched } closing curly braces can in particular lead here. If a method is terminated too early (use proper indentation!), then a stray variable is commonly misplaced into the class declaration body.
Variables after identifiers
You can also never have a variable follow an identifier directly:
⇓
$this->myFunc$VAR();
Btw, this is a common example where the intention was to use variable variables perhaps. In this case a variable property lookup with $this->{"myFunc$VAR"}(); for example.
Take in mind that using variable variables should be the exception. Newcomers often try to use them too casually, even when arrays would be simpler and more appropriate.
Missing parentheses after language constructs
Hasty typing may lead to forgotten opening or closing parenthesis
for if and for and foreach statements:
⇓
foreach $array as $key) {
Solution: add the missing opening ( between statement and variable.
⇓
if ($var = pdo_query($sql) {
$result = …
The curly { brace does not open the code block, without closing the if expression with the ) closing parenthesis first.
Else does not expect conditions
⇓
else ($var >= 0)
Solution: Remove the conditions from else or use elseif.
Need brackets for closure
⇓
function() use $var {}
Solution: Add brackets around $var.
Invisible whitespace
As mentioned in the reference answer on "Invisible stray Unicode" (such as a non-breaking space), you might also see this error for unsuspecting code like:
<?php
⇐
$var = new PDO(...);
It's rather prevalent in the start of files and for copy-and-pasted code. Check with a hexeditor, if your code does not visually appear to contain a syntax issue.
另请参阅
搜索:意外T_VARIABLE
意外的T_CONSTANT_ENCAPSED_STRING意外的t_encapsed_and_空白
T_CONSTANT_ENCAPSED_STRING和T_ENCAPSED_AND_WHITESPACE是指带引号的“字符串”字面量。
它们在不同的上下文中使用,但语法问题非常相似。t_encaged…警告出现在双引号的字符串上下文中,而T_CONSTANT…字符串经常在普通PHP表达式或语句中出错。
Incorrect variable interpolation
And it comes up most frequently for incorrect PHP variable interpolation:
⇓ ⇓
echo "Here comes a $wrong['array'] access";
Quoting arrays keys is a must in PHP context. But in double quoted strings (or HEREDOCs) this is a mistake. The parser complains about the contained single quoted 'string', because it usually expects a literal identifier / key there.
More precisely it's valid to use PHP2-style simple syntax within double quotes for array references:
echo "This is only $valid[here] ...";
Nested arrays or deeper object references however require the complex curly string expression syntax:
echo "Use {$array['as_usual']} with curly syntax.";
If unsure, this is commonly safer to use. It's often even considered more readable. And better IDEs actually use distinct syntax colorization for that.
Missing concatenation
If a string follows an expression, but lacks a concatenation or other operator, then you'll see PHP complain about the string literal:
⇓
print "Hello " . WORLD " !";
While it's obvious to you and me, PHP just can't guess that the string was meant to be appended there.
Confusing string quote enclosures
The same syntax error occurs when confounding string delimiters. A string started by a single ' or double " quote also ends with the same.
⇓
print "<a href="' . $link . '">click here</a>";
⌞⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⌟⌞⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⌟⌞⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⎽⌟
That example started with double quotes. But double quotes were also destined for the HTML attributes. The intended concatenation operator within however became interpreted as part of a second string in single quotes.
Tip: Set your editor/IDE to use slightly distinct colorization for single and double quoted strings. (It also helps with application logic to prefer e.g. double quoted strings for textual output, and single quoted strings only for constant-like values.)
This is a good example where you shouldn't break out of double quotes in the first place. Instead just use proper \" escapes for the HTML attributes´ quotes:
print "<a href=\"{$link}\">click here</a>";
While this can also lead to syntax confusion, all better IDEs/editors again help by colorizing the escaped quotes differently.
Missing opening quote
Equivalently are forgotten opening "/' quotes a recipe for parser errors:
⇓
make_url(login', 'open');
Here the ', ' would become a string literal after a bareword, when obviously login was meant to be a string parameter.
Array lists
If you miss a , comma in an array creation block, the parser will see two consecutive strings:
array( ⇓
"key" => "value"
"next" => "....",
);
Note that the last line may always contain an extra comma, but overlooking one in between is unforgivable. Which is hard to discover without syntax highlighting.
Function parameter lists
The same thing for function calls:
⇓
myfunc(123, "text", "and" "more")
Runaway strings
A common variation are quite simply forgotten string terminators:
⇓
mysql_evil("SELECT * FROM stuffs);
print "'ok'";
⇑
Here PHP complains about two string literals directly following each other. But the real cause is the unclosed previous string of course.
HEREDOC indentation
Prior PHP 7.3, the heredoc string end delimiter can't be prefixed with spaces:
print <<< HTML
<link..>
HTML;
⇑
Solution: upgrade PHP or find a better hoster.
另请参阅
PHP中关联数组的插值(双引号字符串)
语法错误,意外的T_CONSTANT_ENCAPSED_STRING
语法错误,PHP中意外的T_CONSTANT_ENCAPSED_STRING
SQL查询中出现意外的T_CONSTANT_ENCAPSED_STRING错误
意想不到的T_IF
意想不到的T_FOREACH
意想不到的T_FOR
意想不到的T_WHILE
意想不到的T_DO
意想不到的T_ECHO
控制结构,如if、foreach、for、while、list、global、return、do、print、echo只能作为语句使用。它们通常单独驻留在一行上。
Semicolon; where you at?
Pretty universally have you missed a semicolon in the previous line if the parser complains about a control statement:
⇓
$x = myfunc()
if (true) {
Solution: look into the previous line; add semicolon.
Class declarations
Another location where this occurs is in class declarations. In the class section you can only list property initializations and method sections. No code may reside there.
class xyz {
if (true) {}
foreach ($var) {}
Such syntax errors commonly materialize for incorrectly nested { and }. In particular when function code blocks got closed too early.
Statements in expression context
Most language constructs can only be used as statements. They aren't meant to be placed inside other expressions:
⇓
$var = array(1, 2, foreach($else as $_), 5, 6);
Likewise can't you use an if in strings, math expressions or elsewhere:
⇓
print "Oh, " . if (true) { "you!" } . " won't work";
// Use a ternary condition here instead, when versed enough.
For embedding if-like conditions in an expression specifically, you often want to use a ?: ternary evaluation.
The same applies to for, while, global, echo and a lesser extend list.
⇓
echo 123, echo 567, "huh?";
Whereas print() is a language built-in that may be used in expression context. (But rarely makes sense.)
Reserved keywords as identifiers
You also can't use do or if and other language constructs for user-defined functions or class names. (Perhaps in PHP 7. But even then it wouldn't be advisable.)
Your have a semi-colon instead of a colon (:) or curly bracket ({) after your control block
Control structures are typically wrapped in curly braces (but colons can be used in an alternative syntax) to represent their scope. If you accidentally use a semi-colon you prematurely close that block resulting in your closing statement throwing an error.
foreach ($errors as $error); <-- should be : or {