这里有一个例子。运行它。然后将notifyAll()中的一个更改为notify()，看看会发生什么。

ProducerConsumerExample类

public class ProducerConsumerExample {

    private static boolean Even = true;
    private static boolean Odd = false;

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Dropbox dropbox = new Dropbox();
        (new Thread(new Consumer(Even, dropbox))).start();
        (new Thread(new Consumer(Odd, dropbox))).start();
        (new Thread(new Producer(dropbox))).start();
    }
}

Dropbox类

public class Dropbox {

    private int number;
    private boolean empty = true;
    private boolean evenNumber = false;

    public synchronized int take(final boolean even) {
        while (empty || evenNumber != even) {
            try {
                System.out.format("%s is waiting ... %n", even ? "Even" : "Odd");
                wait();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
        }
        System.out.format("%s took %d.%n", even ? "Even" : "Odd", number);
        empty = true;
        notifyAll();

        return number;
    }

    public synchronized void put(int number) {
        while (!empty) {
            try {
                System.out.println("Producer is waiting ...");
                wait();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
        }
        this.number = number;
        evenNumber = number % 2 == 0;
        System.out.format("Producer put %d.%n", number);
        empty = false;
        notifyAll();
    }
}

消费阶层

import java.util.Random;

public class Consumer implements Runnable {

    private final Dropbox dropbox;
    private final boolean even;

    public Consumer(boolean even, Dropbox dropbox) {
        this.even = even;
        this.dropbox = dropbox;
    }

    public void run() {
        Random random = new Random();
        while (true) {
            dropbox.take(even);
            try {
                Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(100));
            } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
        }
    }
}

生产类

import java.util.Random;

public class Producer implements Runnable {

    private Dropbox dropbox;

    public Producer(Dropbox dropbox) {
        this.dropbox = dropbox;
    }

    public void run() {
        Random random = new Random();
        while (true) {
            int number = random.nextInt(10);
            try {
                Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(100));
                dropbox.put(number);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) { }
        }
    }
}

我想提一下《Java并发实践》中解释的内容:

第一点，是Notify还是NotifyAll?

It will be NotifyAll, and reason is that it will save from signall hijacking.

If two threads A and B are waiting on different condition predicates of same condition queue and notify is called, then it is upto JVM to which thread JVM will notify. Now if notify was meant for thread A and JVM notified thread B, then thread B will wake up and see that this notification is not useful so it will wait again. And Thread A will never come to know about this missed signal and someone hijacked it's notification. So, calling notifyAll will resolve this issue, but again it will have performance impact as it will notify all threads and all threads will compete for same lock and it will involve context switch and hence load on CPU. But we should care about performance only if it is behaving correctly, if it's behavior itself is not correct then performance is of no use.

这个问题可以通过使用jdk 5中提供的显式锁定Lock的Condition对象来解决，因为它为每个条件谓词提供了不同的等待。在这里，它将表现正确，不会有性能问题，因为它将调用信号，并确保只有一个线程正在等待该条件

线程有三种状态。

WAIT -线程没有使用任何CPU周期 BLOCKED -线程在试图获取监视器时被阻塞。它可能仍在使用CPU周期 RUNNING -线程正在运行。

现在，当调用notify()时，JVM选择一个线程并将其移动到BLOCKED状态，从而将其移动到RUNNING状态，因为没有竞争监视器对象。

当调用notifyAll()时，JVM选取所有线程并将它们移到BLOCKED状态。所有这些线程都将优先获得对象的锁。能够首先获取监视器的线程将能够首先进入RUNNING状态，依此类推。

这里有一个简单的解释:

您是正确的，无论使用notify()还是notifyAll()，直接结果都是恰好有另一个线程获得监视器并开始执行。(假设一些线程实际上在wait()上阻塞了这个对象，其他不相关的线程并没有占用所有可用的内核，等等。)

假设线程A、B和C正在等待这个对象，线程A得到监视器。区别在于当A释放监视器时发生了什么。如果你使用notify()，那么B和C仍然被阻塞在wait()中:它们不是在监视器上等待，而是在等待通知。当A释放监视器时，B和C仍然在那里等待notify()。

如果使用notifyAll()，则B和C都已进入“等待通知”状态，都在等待获取监视器。当A释放监视器时，B或C将获得它(假设没有其他线程竞争该监视器)并开始执行。

有用的差异:

Use notify() if all your waiting threads are interchangeable (the order they wake up doesn't matter), or if you only ever have one waiting thread. A common example is a thread pool used to execute jobs from a queue--when a job is added, one of threads is notified to wake up, execute the next job and go back to sleep. Use notifyAll() for other cases where the waiting threads may have different purposes and should be able to run concurrently. An example is a maintenance operation on a shared resource, where multiple threads are waiting for the operation to complete before accessing the resource.

我认为这取决于资源是如何生产和消费的。如果同时有5个工作对象，并且您有5个消费者对象，那么使用notifyAll()唤醒所有线程是有意义的，这样每个线程都可以处理1个工作对象。

如果您只有一个可用的工作对象，那么唤醒所有使用者对象来争夺这个对象有什么意义呢?第一个检查可用工作的线程将得到它，所有其他线程将检查并发现它们无事可做。

我在这里找到了一个很好的解释。简而言之:

The notify() method is generally used for resource pools, where there are an arbitrary number of "consumers" or "workers" that take resources, but when a resource is added to the pool, only one of the waiting consumers or workers can deal with it. The notifyAll() method is actually used in most other cases. Strictly, it is required to notify waiters of a condition that could allow multiple waiters to proceed. But this is often difficult to know. So as a general rule, if you have no particular logic for using notify(), then you should probably use notifyAll(), because it is often difficult to know exactly what threads will be waiting on a particular object and why.