我遵循一些规则:

Primary keys should be as small as necessary. Prefer a numeric type because numeric types are stored in a much more compact format than character formats. This is because most primary keys will be foreign keys in another table as well as used in multiple indexes. The smaller your key, the smaller the index, the less pages in the cache you will use. Primary keys should never change. Updating a primary key should always be out of the question. This is because it is most likely to be used in multiple indexes and used as a foreign key. Updating a single primary key could cause of ripple effect of changes. Do NOT use "your problem primary key" as your logic model primary key. For example passport number, social security number, or employee contract number as these "natural keys" can change in real world situations. Make sure to add UNIQUE constraints for these where necessary to enforce consistency.

关于代理键和自然键，我参考了上面的规则。如果自然键很小并且永远不会改变，则可以将其用作主键。如果自然键很大或可能改变，我使用代理键。如果没有主键，我仍然会创建一个代理键，因为经验表明，您总是会向模式添加表，并希望在适当的位置放置一个主键。

我也总是使用数字ID列。在oracle中，我使用数字(18,0)没有真正的原因高于数字(12,0)(或任何int而不是long)，也许我只是不想担心在db中获得数十亿行!

我还包括了一个用于基本跟踪的已创建和修改的列(类型时间戳)，在这里它似乎很有用。

我不介意在其他列的组合上设置唯一的约束，但我非常喜欢我的id、创建和修改的基线需求。

我避免使用自然键的原因很简单——人为错误。虽然通常可以使用自然的唯一标识符(SSN、VIN、Account Number等)，但它们需要人工正确输入。如果您使用ssn作为主键，有人在数据输入期间调换了几个数字，并且没有立即发现错误，那么您将面临更改主键的问题。

我的主键都是由数据库程序在后台处理的，用户永远不会知道它们。

我总是使用自动编号或标识字段。

我曾经为一个客户工作，他使用SSN作为主键，然后由于HIPAA法规被迫更改为“MemberID”，这在更新相关表中的外键时引起了大量问题。坚持一致的标识列标准帮助我在所有项目中避免了类似的问题。

我怀疑原始数据结构的设计者需要Steven A. Lowe的卷起报纸疗法。

顺便说一句，guid作为主键可能会影响性能。我不推荐。

我遵循一些规则:

Primary keys should be as small as necessary. Prefer a numeric type because numeric types are stored in a much more compact format than character formats. This is because most primary keys will be foreign keys in another table as well as used in multiple indexes. The smaller your key, the smaller the index, the less pages in the cache you will use. Primary keys should never change. Updating a primary key should always be out of the question. This is because it is most likely to be used in multiple indexes and used as a foreign key. Updating a single primary key could cause of ripple effect of changes. Do NOT use "your problem primary key" as your logic model primary key. For example passport number, social security number, or employee contract number as these "natural keys" can change in real world situations. Make sure to add UNIQUE constraints for these where necessary to enforce consistency.

关于代理键和自然键，我参考了上面的规则。如果自然键很小并且永远不会改变，则可以将其用作主键。如果自然键很大或可能改变，我使用代理键。如果没有主键，我仍然会创建一个代理键，因为经验表明，您总是会向模式添加表，并希望在适当的位置放置一个主键。