维基百科说:

MinGW forked from version 1.3.3 of Cygwin. Although both Cygwin and MinGW can be used to port UNIX software to Windows, they have different approaches: Cygwin aims to provide a complete POSIX layer that provides emulations of several system calls and libraries that exist on Linux, UNIX, and the BSD variants. The POSIX layer runs on top of Windows, sacrificing performance where necessary for compatibility. Accordingly, this approach requires Windows programs written with Cygwin to run on top of a copylefted compatibility library that must be distributed with the program, along with the program's source code. MinGW aims to provide native functionality and performance via direct Windows API calls. Unlike Cygwin, MinGW does not require a compatibility layer DLL and thus programs do not need to be distributed with source code. Because MinGW is dependent upon Windows API calls, it cannot provide a full POSIX API; it is unable to compile some UNIX applications that can be compiled with Cygwin. Specifically, this applies to applications that require POSIX functionality like fork(), mmap() or ioctl() and those that expect to be run in a POSIX environment. Applications written using a cross-platform library that has itself been ported to MinGW, such as SDL, wxWidgets, Qt, or GTK+, will usually compile as easily in MinGW as they would in Cygwin. The combination of MinGW and MSYS provides a small, self-contained environment that can be loaded onto removable media without leaving entries in the registry or files on the computer. Cygwin Portable provides a similar feature. By providing more functionality, Cygwin becomes more complicated to install and maintain. It is also possible to cross-compile Windows applications with MinGW-GCC under POSIX systems. This means that developers do not need a Windows installation with MSYS to compile software that will run on Windows without Cygwin.

为了补充其他答案，Cygwin附带了MinGW库和头文件，你可以在不链接到cygwin1.dll的情况下使用-mno-cygwin标志与gcc进行编译。比起使用普通的MinGW和MSYS，我更喜欢这个。

维基百科说:

MinGW forked from version 1.3.3 of Cygwin. Although both Cygwin and MinGW can be used to port UNIX software to Windows, they have different approaches: Cygwin aims to provide a complete POSIX layer that provides emulations of several system calls and libraries that exist on Linux, UNIX, and the BSD variants. The POSIX layer runs on top of Windows, sacrificing performance where necessary for compatibility. Accordingly, this approach requires Windows programs written with Cygwin to run on top of a copylefted compatibility library that must be distributed with the program, along with the program's source code. MinGW aims to provide native functionality and performance via direct Windows API calls. Unlike Cygwin, MinGW does not require a compatibility layer DLL and thus programs do not need to be distributed with source code. Because MinGW is dependent upon Windows API calls, it cannot provide a full POSIX API; it is unable to compile some UNIX applications that can be compiled with Cygwin. Specifically, this applies to applications that require POSIX functionality like fork(), mmap() or ioctl() and those that expect to be run in a POSIX environment. Applications written using a cross-platform library that has itself been ported to MinGW, such as SDL, wxWidgets, Qt, or GTK+, will usually compile as easily in MinGW as they would in Cygwin. The combination of MinGW and MSYS provides a small, self-contained environment that can be loaded onto removable media without leaving entries in the registry or files on the computer. Cygwin Portable provides a similar feature. By providing more functionality, Cygwin becomes more complicated to install and maintain. It is also possible to cross-compile Windows applications with MinGW-GCC under POSIX systems. This means that developers do not need a Windows installation with MSYS to compile software that will run on Windows without Cygwin.

Cygwin使用兼容层，而MinGW是本地的。这是主要的区别之一。

要在非免费/专有/闭源应用程序中使用Cygwin，您需要向Red Hat支付数万美元的“许可证买断”;这会使标准许可条款失效，并付出相当大的代价。谷歌“cygwin许可证成本”，并看到前几个结果。

对于mingw，不产生这种成本，并且许可证(PD、BSD、MIT)是非常允许的。您最多可能需要在应用程序中提供许可细节，例如使用mingw64-tdm时所需的winpthreads许可。

由Izzy Helianthus提供的编辑:商业许可证不再可用，也不再需要，因为Cygwin的winsup子目录中的API库现在是在LGPL下发布的，而不是完全的GPL。

   MinGW (or MinGW-w64)               Cygwin
   --------------------               ------

   Your program written        Your program written
  for Unix and GNU/Linux      for Unix and GNU/Linux

             |                           |
             |                           |
             V                           V

    Heavy modifications       Almost no modifications

             |                           |
             |                           |
             V                           V

        Compilation                 Compilation

Program compiled with Cygwin ---> Compatibility layer ---> Windows API

Program compiled with MinGW (or MingGW-w64) -------------> Windows API