作为Java语言的新手,我试图熟悉遍历列表(或其他集合)的所有方法(或至少是非病态的方法)以及每种方法的优缺点。

给定List<E>列表对象,我知道以下方法来遍历所有元素:

基本的for循环(当然,也有等效的while / do while循环)

// Not recommended (see below)!
for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
    E element = list.get(i);
    // 1 - can call methods of element
    // 2 - can use 'i' to make index-based calls to methods of list

    // ...
}

注意:正如@amarseillan指出的,这种形式是一个糟糕的选择 用于迭代列表,因为的实际实现 get方法可能没有使用Iterator时那么有效。 例如,LinkedList实现必须遍历所有的 在I之前的元素得到第I个元素。

在上面的例子中,List实现没有办法 “保存其位置”以使未来的迭代更有效。 对于数组列表来说,这并不重要,因为get的复杂度/代价是常数时间(O(1)),而对于LinkedList,它与列表的大小(O(n))成正比。

有关内置Collections实现的计算复杂性的更多信息,请查看此问题。

增强的for循环(在这个问题中得到了很好的解释)

for (E element : list) {
    // 1 - can call methods of element

    // ...
}

迭代器

for (Iterator<E> iter = list.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
    E element = iter.next();
    // 1 - can call methods of element
    // 2 - can use iter.remove() to remove the current element from the list

    // ...
}

ListIterator

for (ListIterator<E> iter = list.listIterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
    E element = iter.next();
    // 1 - can call methods of element
    // 2 - can use iter.remove() to remove the current element from the list
    // 3 - can use iter.add(...) to insert a new element into the list
    //     between element and iter->next()
    // 4 - can use iter.set(...) to replace the current element

    // ...
}

Functional Java

list.stream().map(e -> e + 1); // Can apply a transformation function for e

可迭代的forEach,流。forEach,……

(一个来自Java 8的流API的映射方法(参见@i_am_zero的答案)。)

在Java 8中实现Iterable的集合类(例如,all Lists)现在有一个forEach方法,可以用来代替上面演示的for循环语句。(这是另一个很好的比较问题。)

Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4).forEach(System.out::println);
// 1 - can call methods of an element
// 2 - would need reference to containing object to remove an item
//     (TODO: someone please confirm / deny this)
// 3 - functionally separates iteration from the action
//     being performed with each item.

Arrays.asList(1,2,3,4).stream().forEach(System.out::println);
// Same capabilities as above plus potentially greater
// utilization of parallelism
// (caution: consequently, order of execution is not guaranteed,
// see [Stream.forEachOrdered][stream-foreach-ordered] for more
// information about this).

如果有的话,还有其他办法吗?

(顺便说一下,我的兴趣根本不是出于优化性能的愿望;我只是想知道作为开发人员,我有哪些表单可以使用。)


当前回答

jdk8风格的迭代:

public class IterationDemo {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3);
        list.stream().forEach(elem -> System.out.println("element " + elem));
    }
}

其他回答

问题中列出的各种例子:

ListIterationExample.java

import java.util.*;

public class ListIterationExample {

     public static void main(String []args){
        List<Integer> numbers = new ArrayList<Integer>();

        // populates list with initial values
        for (Integer i : Arrays.asList(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7))
            numbers.add(i);
        printList(numbers);         // 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

        // replaces each element with twice its value
        for (int index=0; index < numbers.size(); index++) {
            numbers.set(index, numbers.get(index)*2); 
        }
        printList(numbers);         // 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14

        // does nothing because list is not being changed
        for (Integer number : numbers) {
            number++; // number = new Integer(number+1);
        }
        printList(numbers);         // 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14  

        // same as above -- just different syntax
        for (Iterator<Integer> iter = numbers.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
            Integer number = iter.next();
            number++;
        }
        printList(numbers);         // 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14

        // ListIterator<?> provides an "add" method to insert elements
        // between the current element and the cursor
        for (ListIterator<Integer> iter = numbers.listIterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
            Integer number = iter.next();
            iter.add(number+1);     // insert a number right before this
        }
        printList(numbers);         // 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15

        // Iterator<?> provides a "remove" method to delete elements
        // between the current element and the cursor
        for (Iterator<Integer> iter = numbers.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
            Integer number = iter.next();
            if (number % 2 == 0)    // if number is even 
                iter.remove();      // remove it from the collection
        }
        printList(numbers);         // 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15

        // ListIterator<?> provides a "set" method to replace elements
        for (ListIterator<Integer> iter = numbers.listIterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
            Integer number = iter.next();
            iter.set(number/2);     // divide each element by 2
        }
        printList(numbers);         // 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
     }

     public static void printList(List<Integer> numbers) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (Integer number : numbers) {
            sb.append(number);
            sb.append(",");
        }
        sb.deleteCharAt(sb.length()-1); // remove trailing comma
        System.out.println(sb.toString());
     }
}

您总是可以用一个while循环和更多的代码来切换第一个和第三个示例。这让你能够使用do-while的优势:

int i = 0;
do{
 E element = list.get(i);
 i++;
}
while (i < list.size());

当然,如果list.size()返回0,这类事情可能会导致NullPointerException,因为它总是至少执行一次。这可以通过在使用元素的属性/方法之前测试元素是否为空来修复。不过,使用for循环要简单得多

你可以从Java 8开始使用forEach:

 List<String> nameList   = new ArrayList<>(
            Arrays.asList("USA", "USSR", "UK"));

 nameList.forEach((v) -> System.out.println(v));

上面你会发现所有迭代LIST的不同方法。

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ListIterator;

public class test1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
    //******* Exercise 1 : Write a Java program to create a new array list, add some colors (string) and print out the collection.
    List<String> colors = new ArrayList<String>();
    colors.add("Black");
    colors.add("Red");
    colors.add("Green");
    colors.add("Blue");
    System.out.println(colors);
    
    
    //******* Exercise 2 : Write a Java program to iterate through all elements in a array list. 
    System.out.println("//******* Exercise 2");
    List<Integer> list2 = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7);
    
    // iteration type 1 : using FOR loop
    System.out.println("// iteration type 1");
    for(Integer nb : list2) {
        System.out.print(nb + ", ");
    }
    System.out.println("\n");
    
    // iteration type 2 : using FOR loop
    System.out.println("// iteration type 2");
    for(int i=0; i < list2.size(); i++) {
        System.out.print(list2.get(i) + ", ");
    }System.out.println("\n");
    
    // iteration type 3  : using Do-While loop
    System.out.println("// iteration type 3");
    int index21 = 0;
    
    do {
        System.out.print(list2.get(index21) + ", ");
        index21++;
    }while(index21<list2.size());
    System.out.println("\n");
    
    
    // iteration type 4  : using While loop
    System.out.println("// iteration type 4");
    int index22 = 0;
    while(index22<list2.size()) {
        System.out.print(list2.get(index22) + ", ");
        index22++;
    }

    System.out.println("\n");
    
    
    // iteration type 5  : using  Iterable forEach loop 
    System.out.println("// iteration type 5");
     list2.forEach(elt -> {
         System.out.print(elt + ", ");
     });

    System.out.println("\n");
    
    
    // iteration type 6  : using  Iterator
    System.out.println("// iteration type 6");
    Iterator<Integer> listIterator = list2.iterator();
    while(listIterator.hasNext()) {
        System.out.print( listIterator.next() + ", ");
    }
    
    System.out.println("\n");
    
    // iteration type 7  : using  Iterator (From the beginning)
    System.out.println("// iteration type 7");
    ListIterator<Integer> listIterator21 = list2.listIterator(list2.size());
    while(listIterator21.hasPrevious()) {
        System.out.print( listIterator21.previous() + ", ");
    }

    System.out.println("\n");   
    
    // iteration type 8  : using  Iterator (From the End)
    System.out.println("// iteration type 8");
    ListIterator<Integer> listIterator22 = list2.listIterator();
    while(listIterator22.hasNext()) {
        System.out.print( listIterator22.next() + ", ");
    }

    System.out.println("\n");   
}

}

是的,列出了很多替代方案。最简单和最干净的方法是使用增强的for语句,如下所示。表达式是某种可迭代的类型。

for ( FormalParameter : Expression ) Statement

例如,要遍历List<String> ids,我们可以简单地这样,

for (String str : ids) {
    // Do something
}