不要忘记申请权限:

android.Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE 
android.Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE

在AndroidManifest.xml中添加提供商和权限:

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES"/>
...
<application>
    ...
    <provider
        android:name="android.support.v4.content.FileProvider"
        android:authorities="${applicationId}"
        android:exported="false"
        android:grantUriPermissions="true">
        <meta-data
            android:name="android.support.FILE_PROVIDER_PATHS"
            android:resource="@xml/provider_paths"/>
    </provider>
</application>

创建XML文件提供程序res/ XML /provider_paths.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<paths xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <external-path
        name="external"
        path="." />
    <external-files-path
        name="external_files"
        path="." />
    <cache-path
        name="cache"
        path="." />
    <external-cache-path
        name="external_cache"
        path="." />
    <files-path
        name="files"
        path="." />
</paths>

使用下面的示例代码:

   public class InstallManagerApk extends AppCompatActivity {

    static final String NAME_APK_FILE = "some.apk";
    public static final int REQUEST_INSTALL = 0;

     @Override
    protected void onCreate(@Nullable Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

        // required permission:
        // android.Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE 
        // android.Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE

        installApk();

    }

    ...

    /**
     * Install APK File
     */
    private void installApk() {

        try {

            File filePath = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory();// path to file apk
            File file = new File(filePath, LoadManagerApkFile.NAME_APK_FILE);

            Uri uri = getApkUri( file.getPath() ); // get Uri for  each SDK Android

            Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_INSTALL_PACKAGE);
            intent.setData( uri );
            intent.setFlags( Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION | Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_NEW_TASK );
            intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_NOT_UNKNOWN_SOURCE, true);
            intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_RETURN_RESULT, true);
            intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_INSTALLER_PACKAGE_NAME, getApplicationInfo().packageName);

            if ( getPackageManager().queryIntentActivities(intent, 0 ) != null ) {// checked on start Activity

                startActivityForResult(intent, REQUEST_INSTALL);

            } else {
                throw new Exception("don`t start Activity.");
            }

        } catch ( Exception e ) {

            Log.i(TAG + ":InstallApk", "Failed installl APK file", e);
            Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), e.getMessage(), Toast.LENGTH_LONG)
                .show();

        }

    }

    /**
     * Returns a Uri pointing to the APK to install.
     */
    private Uri getApkUri(String path) {

        // Before N, a MODE_WORLD_READABLE file could be passed via the ACTION_INSTALL_PACKAGE
        // Intent. Since N, MODE_WORLD_READABLE files are forbidden, and a FileProvider is
        // recommended.
        boolean useFileProvider = Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.N;

        String tempFilename = "tmp.apk";
        byte[] buffer = new byte[16384];
        int fileMode = useFileProvider ? Context.MODE_PRIVATE : Context.MODE_WORLD_READABLE;
        try (InputStream is = new FileInputStream(new File(path));
             FileOutputStream fout = openFileOutput(tempFilename, fileMode)) {

            int n;
            while ((n = is.read(buffer)) >= 0) {
                fout.write(buffer, 0, n);
            }

        } catch (IOException e) {
            Log.i(TAG + ":getApkUri", "Failed to write temporary APK file", e);
        }

        if (useFileProvider) {

            File toInstall = new File(this.getFilesDir(), tempFilename);
            return FileProvider.getUriForFile(this,  BuildConfig.APPLICATION_ID, toInstall);

        } else {

            return Uri.fromFile(getFileStreamPath(tempFilename));

        }

    }

    /**
     * Listener event on installation APK file
     */
    @Override
    protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, @Nullable Intent data) {
        super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);

        if(requestCode == REQUEST_INSTALL) {

            if (resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK) {
                Toast.makeText(this,"Install succeeded!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            } else if (resultCode == Activity.RESULT_CANCELED) {
                Toast.makeText(this,"Install canceled!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            } else {
                Toast.makeText(this,"Install Failed!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            }

        }

    }

    ...

}

是的，这是可能的。但要做到这一点，你需要在手机上安装未经验证的消息源。例如，slideMe就是这样做的。我认为你能做的最好的事情是检查应用程序是否存在，并向Android市场发送一个意图。你应该使用android市场的url方案。

market://details?id=package.name

我不知道如何启动这个活动但如果你用那种url启动一个活动。它应该打开android市场，给你安装应用程序的选择。

基于@ uroovic podkrinik的回答。

通过APK安装应用程序对于不同版本的android可能有所不同(API级别21-30):

private var uri: Uri? = null
private var manager: DownloadManager? = null
private var file: File? = null
private var request: DownloadManager.Request? = null

private val REQUEST_WRITE_PERMISSION = 786
private val REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGE = 1234

private var receiver: BroadcastReceiver? = null
private var installIntent: Intent? = null

...
override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
    val externalStorageDir = if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) {
        context?.getExternalFilesDir(Environment.DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS)
    } else {
        @Suppress("DEPRECATION")
        Environment.getExternalStoragePublicDirectory(Environment.DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS)
    }
    val destination = "$externalStorageDir/Application.apk"
    uri = Uri.parse("file://$destination")

    file = File(destination)
    file?.let { if (it.exists()) it.delete() }
    
    request = DownloadManager.Request(Uri.parse("https://path_to_file/application.apk"))
    request?.let {
        it.setDescription("Update App")
        it.setTitle("Application")
        it.setDestinationUri(uri)
    }
    manager = context?.getSystemService(Context.DOWNLOAD_SERVICE) as DownloadManager

    // for level android api >= 23 needs permission to write to external storage
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) {
        if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(context!!, Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE) == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
            // here you can display the loading diagram
            registerReceiver()
        } else {
            // request for permission to write to external storage
            requestPermissions(
                arrayOf(Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE),
                REQUEST_WRITE_PERMISSION
            )
        }
    } else {
        // here you can display the loading diagram
        registerReceiver()
    }
}

创建并注册接收者:

private val onDownloadComplete = object : BroadcastReceiver() {
    // install app when apk is loaded
    override fun onReceive(ctxt: Context, intent: Intent) {
        val mimeType = "application/vnd.android.package-archive"
        receiver = this
        try {
            installIntent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW)
            installIntent?.flags = Intent.FLAG_ACTIVITY_CLEAR_TOP

            // for android api >= 24 requires FileProvider
            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.N) {
                installIntent?.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)

                val fileProviderURI = FileProvider.getUriForFile(
                    context!!,
                    context!!.applicationContext.packageName + ".provider",
                    file!!)

                installIntent?.setDataAndType(fileProviderURI, mimeType)

                // for android api >= 26 requires permission to install from APK in settings
                if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
                    if (context!!.applicationContext.packageManager.canRequestPackageInstalls()) {
                        installFromAPK()
                    } else goToSecuritySettings()
                } else installFromAPK()
            } else {
                // for android api < 24 used file:// instead content://
                // (no need to use FileProvider)
                installIntent?.setDataAndType(uri, mimeType)
                installFromAPK()
            }
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            // view error message
        }
    }
}

private fun registerReceiver() {
    manager!!.enqueue(request)
    context?.registerReceiver(
        onDownloadComplete,
        IntentFilter(DownloadManager.ACTION_DOWNLOAD_COMPLETE)
    )
}

private fun installFromAPK() {
    try {
        startActivity(installIntent)
        context?.unregisterReceiver(receiver)
        activity?.finish()
    } catch (e: Exception) {
        // view error message
    }
}

// go to settings for get permission install from APK
private fun goToSecuritySettings() {
    val intent = Intent(Settings.ACTION_MANAGE_UNKNOWN_APP_SOURCES).setData(
        Uri.parse(String.format(
            "package:%s",
            context!!.applicationContext.packageName
        ))
    )
    try {
        startActivityForResult(intent, REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGE)
    } catch (e: Exception) {
        // view error message
    }
}

拦截权限请求WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE的结果:

override fun onRequestPermissionsResult(
        requestCode: Int,
        permissions: Array<String>,
        grantResults: IntArray
) {
    super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults)
    if (requestCode == REQUEST_WRITE_PERMISSION
            && grantResults.isNotEmpty()
            && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
        try {
            // here you can display the loading diagram
            registerReceiver()
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            // view error message
        }
    }
}

在安全设置中拦截用户选择的结果:

@RequiresApi(api = Build.VERSION_CODES.O)
override fun onActivityResult(requestCode: Int, resultCode: Int, data: Intent?) {
    super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data)
    if (requestCode == REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGE
            && resultCode == AppCompatActivity.RESULT_OK) {
        if (context!!.applicationContext.packageManager.canRequestPackageInstalls()) {
            installFromAPK()
        }
    } else {
        // view error message
    }
}

添加到您的清单:

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.REQUEST_INSTALL_PACKAGES"/>
<application...>
    ...
    <provider
        android:name="androidx.core.content.FileProvider"
        android:authorities="${applicationId}.provider"
        android:exported="false"
        android:grantUriPermissions="true">
        <meta-data
            android:name="android.support.FILE_PROVIDER_PATHS"
            android:resource="@xml/provider_paths" />
    </provider>
    ...
</application>

将provider_paths.xml文件添加到res/xml:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<paths>
    <external-path name="external_files" path="."/>
</paths>

对于android API级别= 30，从安全设置返回不工作， 所以使用浏览器安装:

try {
    val intent = Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW)
    intent.data = Uri.parse("https://path_to_file/application.apk")
    startActivity(intent)
    activity?.finish()
} catch (e: ActivityNotFoundException) { }

另一种解决方案不需要硬编码接收应用程序，因此更安全:

Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_INSTALL_PACKAGE);
intent.setData( Uri.fromFile(new File(pathToApk)) );
startActivity(intent);

您可以轻松启动市场链接或安装提示:

Intent promptInstall = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW)
    .setDataAndType(Uri.parse("file:///path/to/your.apk"), 
                    "application/vnd.android.package-archive");
startActivity(promptInstall); 

源

Intent goToMarket = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW)
    .setData(Uri.parse("market://details?id=com.package.name"));
startActivity(goToMarket);

源

但是，没有用户的明确许可，你不能安装。apks;除非设备和您的程序已经扎根。

好吧，我深入挖掘，并从Android源代码中找到了PackageInstaller应用程序的源代码。

https://github.com/android/platform_packages_apps_packageinstaller

从manifest中我发现它需要许可:

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INSTALL_PACKAGES" />

而实际安装过程发生在确认之后

Intent newIntent = new Intent();
newIntent.putExtra(PackageUtil.INTENT_ATTR_APPLICATION_INFO, mPkgInfo.applicationInfo);
newIntent.setData(mPackageURI);
newIntent.setClass(this, InstallAppProgress.class);
String installerPackageName = getIntent().getStringExtra(Intent.EXTRA_INSTALLER_PACKAGE_NAME);
if (installerPackageName != null) {
   newIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_INSTALLER_PACKAGE_NAME, installerPackageName);
}
startActivity(newIntent);