deque对两端的拉和推进行了优化。它们甚至有一个专用的rotate()方法。

from collections import deque
items = deque([1, 2])
items.append(3)        # deque == [1, 2, 3]
items.rotate(1)        # The deque is now: [3, 1, 2]
items.rotate(-1)       # Returns deque to original state: [1, 2, 3]
item = items.popleft() # deque == [2, 3]

我以这个成本模型作为参考:

http://scripts.mit.edu/~6.006/fall07/wiki/index.php?title=Python_Cost_Model

切片列表和连接两个子列表的方法是线性时间操作。我建议使用pop，这是一个常数时间操作，例如:

def shift(list, n):
    for i in range(n)
        temp = list.pop()
        list.insert(0, temp)

我不知道这是否“有效”，但它也有效:

x = [1,2,3,4]
x.insert(0,x.pop())

编辑:再次你好，我刚刚发现这个解决方案的一个大问题! 考虑下面的代码:

class MyClass():
    def __init__(self):
        self.classlist = []

    def shift_classlist(self): # right-shift-operation
        self.classlist.insert(0, self.classlist.pop())

if __name__ == '__main__':
    otherlist = [1,2,3]
    x = MyClass()

    # this is where kind of a magic link is created...
    x.classlist = otherlist

    for ii in xrange(2): # just to do it 2 times
        print '\n\n\nbefore shift:'
        print '     x.classlist =', x.classlist
        print '     otherlist =', otherlist
        x.shift_classlist() 
        print 'after shift:'
        print '     x.classlist =', x.classlist
        print '     otherlist =', otherlist, '<-- SHOULD NOT HAVE BIN CHANGED!'

shift_classlist()方法执行的代码与我的x.insert(0,x.pop())-solution相同，otherlist是一个独立于类的列表。在将otherlist的内容传递给MyClass之后。Classlist列表，调用shift_classlist()也会改变otherlist列表:

控制台输出:

before shift:
     x.classlist = [1, 2, 3]
     otherlist = [1, 2, 3]
after shift:
     x.classlist = [3, 1, 2]
     otherlist = [3, 1, 2] <-- SHOULD NOT HAVE BIN CHANGED!



before shift:
     x.classlist = [3, 1, 2]
     otherlist = [3, 1, 2]
after shift:
     x.classlist = [2, 3, 1]
     otherlist = [2, 3, 1] <-- SHOULD NOT HAVE BIN CHANGED!

我使用Python 2.7。我不知道这是不是一个错误，但我认为更有可能是我误解了这里的一些东西。

有人知道为什么会这样吗?

这也取决于您是想将列表移到合适的位置(改变它)，还是想让函数返回一个新列表。因为，根据我的测试，像这样的东西比你的实现(添加两个列表)至少快20倍:

def shiftInPlace(l, n):
    n = n % len(l)
    head = l[:n]
    l[:n] = []
    l.extend(head)
    return l

事实上，即使在它的顶部添加l = l[:]来操作传入的列表的副本，速度仍然是原来的两倍。

各种实现，在http://gist.github.com/288272上有一些计时

以下函数将发送的列表复制到templist，这样pop函数不会影响原始列表:

def shift(lst, n, toreverse=False):
    templist = []
    for i in lst: templist.append(i)
    if toreverse:
        for i in range(n):  templist = [templist.pop()]+templist
    else:
        for i in range(n):  templist = templist+[templist.pop(0)]
    return templist

测试:

lst = [1,2,3,4,5]
print("lst=", lst)
print("shift by 1:", shift(lst,1))
print("lst=", lst)
print("shift by 7:", shift(lst,7))
print("lst=", lst)
print("shift by 1 reverse:", shift(lst,1, True))
print("lst=", lst)
print("shift by 7 reverse:", shift(lst,7, True))
print("lst=", lst)

输出:

lst= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
shift by 1: [2, 3, 4, 5, 1]
lst= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
shift by 7: [3, 4, 5, 1, 2]
lst= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
shift by 1 reverse: [5, 1, 2, 3, 4]
lst= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
shift by 7 reverse: [4, 5, 1, 2, 3]
lst= [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

我也对此感兴趣，并将一些建议的解决方案与perfplot(我的一个小项目)进行了比较。

事实证明凯利·邦迪的建议

tmp = data[shift:]
tmp += data[:shift]

在所有轮班中都表现良好。

从本质上讲，perfplot执行增加大型数组的移位并测量时间。以下是调查结果:

Shift = 1:

Shift = 100:

代码重现情节:

import numpy
import perfplot
import collections


shift = 100


def list_append(data):
    return data[shift:] + data[:shift]


def list_append2(data):
    tmp = data[shift:]
    tmp += data[:shift]
    return tmp


def shift_concatenate(data):
    return numpy.concatenate([data[shift:], data[:shift]])


def roll(data):
    return numpy.roll(data, -shift)


def collections_deque(data):
    items = collections.deque(data)
    items.rotate(-shift)
    return items


def pop_append(data):
    data = data.copy()
    for _ in range(shift):
        data.append(data.pop(0))
    return data


b = perfplot.bench(
    setup=lambda n: numpy.random.rand(n).tolist(),
    kernels=[
        list_append,
        list_append2,
        roll,
        shift_concatenate,
        collections_deque,
        pop_append,
    ],
    n_range=[2 ** k for k in range(7, 20)],
    xlabel="len(data)",
)
b.show()
b.save("shift100.png")