注意:这个问题是从ECMAScript版本3或5的角度提出的。随着ECMAScript 6版本中新特性的引入,答案可能会过时。

JavaScript中var关键字的功能是什么

var someNumber = 2;
var someFunction = function() { doSomething; }
var someObject = { }
var someObject.someProperty = 5;

and

someNumber = 2;
someFunction = function() { doSomething; }
someObject = { }
someObject.someProperty = 5;

?

你什么时候会使用其中一个,为什么/做什么?


当前回答

不使用“var”变量只能在设置值时定义。例如:

my_var;

不能在全局范围或任何其他范围内工作。它应该具有如下值:

my_var = "value";

另一方面,你可以定义一个可用的类;

var my_var;

它的值未定义(有趣的是,它的值不为null,也不等于null)。

其他回答

我看到人们在声明带有或不带有var以及函数内部或外部的变量时感到困惑。下面是一个深入的示例,将指导您完成以下步骤:

请在jsfiddle查看下面的脚本

a = 1;// Defined outside the function without var
var b = 1;// Defined outside the function with var
alert("Starting outside of all functions... \n \n a, b defined but c, d not defined yet: \n a:" + a + "\n b:" + b + "\n \n (If I try to show the value of the undefined c or d, console.log would throw 'Uncaught ReferenceError: c is not defined' error and script would stop running!)");

function testVar1(){
    c = 1;// Defined inside the function without var
    var d = 1;// Defined inside the function with var
    alert("Now inside the 1. function: \n a:" + a + "\n b:" + b + "\n c:" + c + "\n d:" + d);

    a = a + 5;
    b = b + 5;
    c = c + 5;
    d = d + 5;

    alert("After added values inside the 1. function: \n a:" + a + "\n b:" + b + "\n c:" + c + "\n d:" + d);
};


testVar1();
alert("Run the 1. function again...");
testVar1();

function testVar2(){
    var d = 1;// Defined inside the function with var
    alert("Now inside the 2. function: \n a:" + a + "\n b:" + b + "\n c:" + c + "\n d:" + d);

    a = a + 5;
    b = b + 5;
    c = c + 5;
    d = d + 5;

    alert("After added values inside the 2. function: \n a:" + a + "\n b:" + b + "\n c:" + c + "\n d:" + d);
};

testVar2();

alert("Now outside of all functions... \n \n Final Values: \n a:" + a + "\n b:" + b + "\n c:" + c + "\n You will not be able to see d here because then the value is requested, console.log would throw error 'Uncaught ReferenceError: d is not defined' and script would stop. \n ");
alert("**************\n Conclusion \n ************** \n \n 1. No matter declared with or without var (like a, b) if they get their value outside the function, they will preserve their value and also any other values that are added inside various functions through the script are preserved.\n 2. If the variable is declared without var inside a function (like c), it will act like the previous rule, it will preserve its value across all functions from now on. Either it got its first value in function testVar1() it still preserves the value and get additional value in function testVar2() \n 3. If the variable is declared with var inside a function only (like d in testVar1 or testVar2) it will will be undefined whenever the function ends. So it will be temporary variable in a function.");
alert("Now check console.log for the error when value d is requested next:");
alert(d);

结论无论是否声明有var(如a、b),如果它们在函数外部获取值,它们都将保留其值,并且通过脚本添加到各个函数内部的任何其他值也将保留。如果在函数(如c)中声明变量时没有var,它将像前面的规则一样,从现在起在所有函数中保留其值。要么在函数testVar1()中获得第一个值,要么仍保留该值,并在函数testVar2()中获取附加值如果变量仅在函数内部用var声明(如testVar1或testVar2中的d),则每当函数结束时,它都将是未定义的。所以它将是函数中的临时变量。

另一个区别例如

var a = a || [] ; // works 

虽然

a = a || [] ; // a is undefined error.

如果你在全球范围内,那就没有太大区别了。阅读Kangax的答案以获得解释

如果你在一个函数中,那幺var将创建一个局部变量,“no var”将查找作用域链,直到它找到变量或到达全局作用域(此时它将创建它):

// These are both globals
var foo = 1;
bar = 2;

function()
{
    var foo = 1; // Local
    bar = 2;     // Global

    // Execute an anonymous function
    (function()
    {
        var wibble = 1; // Local
        foo = 2; // Inherits from scope above (creating a closure)
        moo = 3; // Global
    }())
}

如果您没有执行赋值,则需要使用var:

var x; // Declare x

除非您希望将变量附加到浏览器中的窗口对象,否则应该使用var关键字。这里有一个链接,用和wihtout var关键字解释全局作用域和本地作用域之间的区别。

当在不使用var关键字的情况下定义变量时,它看起来像是一个简单的“赋值”操作。

当将值分配给javascript中的变量时,解释器首先尝试在与赋值相同的上下文/范围中查找“变量声明”。当解释器执行dummyVariable=20时,它会在函数开头查找dummyVariable的声明。(因为javascript解释器将所有变量声明移动到上下文的开头,这称为提升)

您可能还想看看javascript中的提升

@Chris S给出了一个很好的例子,展示了var和no var之间的实际差异(和危险)。这是另一个例子,我发现这一点特别危险,因为这种差异只在异步环境中可见,因此在测试过程中很容易溜走。

正如您预期的那样,以下代码段输出[“text”]:

函数var_fun(){let数组=[]array.push('text')返回数组}console.log(var_fun())

下面的代码段也是如此(请注意缺少的let before数组):

函数var_fun(){数组=[]array.push('text')返回数组}console.log(var_fun())

异步执行数据操作仍然会使用单个执行器产生相同的结果:

函数var_fun(){array=[];return new Promise(resolve=>resolve()).then(()=>{array.push('text')返回数组})}var_fun().then(result=>{console.log(result)})

但对多个对象的行为不同:

函数var_fun(){array=[];return new Promise(resolve=>resolve()).then(()=>{array.push('text')返回数组})}[1,2,3].对于每个(i=>{var_fun().then(result=>{console.log(result)})})

但是,使用let:

函数var_fun(){let数组=[];return new Promise(resolve=>resolve()).then(()=>{array.push('text')返回数组})}[1,2,3].对于每个(i=>{var_fun().then(result=>{console.log(result)})})