很抱歉，我不能用一个更简单的例子重现这个错误，而且我的代码太复杂了，无法发布。如果我在IPython shell而不是常规Python中运行程序，事情会很顺利。
我查阅了以前关于这个问题的一些笔记。它们都是由使用pool调用类函数中定义的函数引起的。但对我来说不是这样。
Exception in thread Thread-3:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib64/python2.7/threading.py", line 552, in __bootstrap_inner
self.run()
File "/usr/lib64/python2.7/threading.py", line 505, in run
self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs)
File "/usr/lib64/python2.7/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 313, in _handle_tasks
put(task)
PicklingError: Can't pickle <type 'function'>: attribute lookup __builtin__.function failed
我很感激你的帮助。
更新:我pickle的函数是在模块的顶层定义的。尽管它调用了一个包含嵌套函数的函数。即，f()调用g()调用h()，其中有一个嵌套函数i()，我正在调用pool.apply_async(f)。F ()， g()， h()都在顶层定义。我用这个模式尝试了一个更简单的例子，尽管它是有效的。
正如其他人所说，多处理只能将Python对象转移到可以pickle的工作进程。如果您不能像unutbu所描述的那样重新组织代码，您可以使用dills扩展的pickle /unpickling功能来传输数据(特别是代码数据)，如下所示。
这个解决方案只需要安装dill，而不需要像pathos这样的其他库:
import os
from multiprocessing import Pool
import dill
def run_dill_encoded(payload):
fun, args = dill.loads(payload)
return fun(*args)
def apply_async(pool, fun, args):
payload = dill.dumps((fun, args))
return pool.apply_async(run_dill_encoded, (payload,))
if __name__ == "__main__":
pool = Pool(processes=5)
# asyn execution of lambda
jobs = []
for i in range(10):
job = apply_async(pool, lambda a, b: (a, b, a * b), (i, i + 1))
jobs.append(job)
for job in jobs:
print job.get()
print
# async execution of static method
class O(object):
@staticmethod
def calc():
return os.getpid()
jobs = []
for i in range(10):
job = apply_async(pool, O.calc, ())
jobs.append(job)
for job in jobs:
print job.get()
我会用悲怆。多处理，而不是多处理。感伤。Multiprocessing是Multiprocessing的一个分支，使用莳萝。Dill几乎可以序列化python中的任何东西，因此您可以并行地发送更多内容。正如类方法所需要的那样，pathos fork还能够直接使用多个参数函数。
>>> from pathos.multiprocessing import ProcessingPool as Pool
>>> p = Pool(4)
>>> class Test(object):
... def plus(self, x, y):
... return x+y
...
>>> t = Test()
>>> p.map(t.plus, x, y)
[4, 6, 8, 10]
>>>
>>> class Foo(object):
... @staticmethod
... def work(self, x):
... return x+1
...
>>> f = Foo()
>>> p.apipe(f.work, f, 100)
<processing.pool.ApplyResult object at 0x10504f8d0>
>>> res = _
>>> res.get()
101
在这里获得感伤(如果你喜欢，莳萝):
https://github.com/uqfoundation
该解决方案只需要安装dill，而不需要像pathos那样安装其他库
def apply_packed_function_for_map((dumped_function, item, args, kwargs),):
"""
Unpack dumped function as target function and call it with arguments.
:param (dumped_function, item, args, kwargs):
a tuple of dumped function and its arguments
:return:
result of target function
"""
target_function = dill.loads(dumped_function)
res = target_function(item, *args, **kwargs)
return res
def pack_function_for_map(target_function, items, *args, **kwargs):
"""
Pack function and arguments to object that can be sent from one
multiprocessing.Process to another. The main problem is:
«multiprocessing.Pool.map*» or «apply*»
cannot use class methods or closures.
It solves this problem with «dill».
It works with target function as argument, dumps it («with dill»)
and returns dumped function with arguments of target function.
For more performance we dump only target function itself
and don't dump its arguments.
How to use (pseudo-code):
~>>> import multiprocessing
~>>> images = [...]
~>>> pool = multiprocessing.Pool(100500)
~>>> features = pool.map(
~... *pack_function_for_map(
~... super(Extractor, self).extract_features,
~... images,
~... type='png'
~... **options,
~... )
~... )
~>>>
:param target_function:
function, that you want to execute like target_function(item, *args, **kwargs).
:param items:
list of items for map
:param args:
positional arguments for target_function(item, *args, **kwargs)
:param kwargs:
named arguments for target_function(item, *args, **kwargs)
:return: tuple(function_wrapper, dumped_items)
It returs a tuple with
* function wrapper, that unpack and call target function;
* list of packed target function and its' arguments.
"""
dumped_function = dill.dumps(target_function)
dumped_items = [(dumped_function, item, args, kwargs) for item in items]
return apply_packed_function_for_map, dumped_items
它也适用于numpy数组。
这里列出了一些可以腌制的东西。特别是，函数只有在模块的顶层定义时才可pickle。
这段代码:
import multiprocessing as mp
class Foo():
@staticmethod
def work(self):
pass
if __name__ == '__main__':
pool = mp.Pool()
foo = Foo()
pool.apply_async(foo.work)
pool.close()
pool.join()
产生一个错误几乎相同的一个你张贴:
Exception in thread Thread-2:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 552, in __bootstrap_inner
self.run()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 505, in run
self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/multiprocessing/pool.py", line 315, in _handle_tasks
put(task)
PicklingError: Can't pickle <type 'function'>: attribute lookup __builtin__.function failed
问题是池方法都使用mp。SimpleQueue将任务传递给工作进程。所有经过mp的东西。SimpleQueue必须是可选的，而foo。工作是不可pickle的，因为它没有在模块的顶层定义。
可以通过在顶层定义一个调用foo.work()的函数来修复:
def work(foo):
foo.work()
pool.apply_async(work,args=(foo,))
注意，foo是可选的，因为foo是在顶层定义的。__dict__是可腌制的。
