我相当肯定(那些熟悉Java规范的人会说)，它是为了防止你(a)被允许使用部分构造的对象，(b)强迫父类的构造函数在一个“新”对象上构造。

“坏”事情的一些例子是:

class Thing
{
    final int x;
    Thing(int x) { this.x = x; }
}

class Bad1 extends Thing
{
    final int z;
    Bad1(int x, int y)
    {
        this.z = this.x + this.y; // WHOOPS! x hasn't been set yet
        super(x);
    }        
}

class Bad2 extends Thing
{
    final int y;
    Bad2(int x, int y)
    {
        this.x = 33;
        this.y = y; 
        super(x); // WHOOPS! x is supposed to be final
    }        
}

因为这就是传承哲学。根据Java语言规范，构造函数体是这样定义的:

ConstructorBody: {ExplicitConstructorInvocationopt BlockStatementsopt}

构造函数体的第一个语句可以是任意一个

显式调用同一类的另一个构造函数(通过使用关键字“this”);或 直接超类的显式调用(通过使用关键字"super")

If a constructor body does not begin with an explicit constructor invocation and the constructor being declared is not part of the primordial class Object, then the constructor body implicitly begins with a superclass constructor invocation "super();", an invocation of the constructor of its direct superclass that takes no arguments. And so on.. there will be a whole chain of constructors called all the way back to the constructor of Object; "All Classes in the Java platform are Descendants of Object". This thing is called "Constructor Chaining".

为什么会这样? Java以这种方式定义ConstructorBody的原因是，他们需要维护对象的层次结构。记住继承的定义;它扩展了一个类。话虽如此，你不能扩展不存在的东西。首先需要创建基类(超类)，然后才能派生它(子类)。这就是为什么他们称它们为父类和子类;你不能没有父母就有孩子。

On a technical level, a subclass inherits all the members (fields, methods, nested classes) from its parent. And since Constructors are NOT members (They don't belong to objects. They are responsible of creating objects) so they are NOT inherited by subclasses, but they can be invoked. And since at the time of object creation only ONE constructor is executed. So how do we guarantee the creation of the superclass when you create the subclass object? Thus the concept of "constructor chaining"; so we have the ability to invoke other constructors (i.e. super) from within the current constructor. And Java required this invocation to be the FIRST line in the subclass constructor to maintain the hierarchy and guarantee it. They assume that if you don't explicitly create the parent object FIRST (like if you forgot about it), they will do it implicitly for you.

该检查在编译期间进行。但是我不确定在运行时会发生什么，我们会得到什么样的运行时错误，如果Java没有抛出一个编译错误，当我们显式地试图从子类的构造函数中执行一个基本构造函数时，在它的主体中间，而不是从第一行开始……

这是因为你的构造函数依赖于其他构造函数。要使你的构造函数正常工作，其他构造函数正常工作是必要的，这是依赖的。这就是为什么有必要首先检查由this()或super()在构造函数中调用的依赖构造函数。如果由this()或super()调用的其他构造函数有问题，那么什么点执行其他语句，因为如果被调用的构造函数失败，所有的构造函数都会失败。

Tldr:

其他的答案都解决了这个问题的“为什么”。我将提供一个关于这个限制的hack:

基本思想是用嵌入式语句劫持超级语句。这可以通过将语句伪装成表达式来实现。

Tsdr:

假设我们想在调用super()之前执行Statement1()到Statement9():

public class Child extends Parent {
    public Child(T1 _1, T2 _2, T3 _3) {
        Statement_1();
        Statement_2();
        Statement_3(); // and etc...
        Statement_9();
        super(_1, _2, _3); // compiler rejects because this is not the first line
    }
}

编译器当然会拒绝我们的代码。所以，我们可以这样做:

// This compiles fine:

public class Child extends Parent {
    public Child(T1 _1, T2 _2, T3 _3) {
        super(F(_1), _2, _3);
    }

    public static T1 F(T1 _1) {
        Statement_1();
        Statement_2();
        Statement_3(); // and etc...
        Statement_9();
        return _1;
    }
}

唯一的限制是父类必须有一个构造函数，该构造函数必须至少接受一个参数，以便我们可以将语句作为表达式潜入。

这里有一个更详细的例子:

public class Child extends Parent {
    public Child(int i, String s, T1 t1) {
        i = i * 10 - 123;
        if (s.length() > i) {
            s = "This is substr s: " + s.substring(0, 5);
        } else {
            s = "Asdfg";
        }
        t1.Set(i);
        T2 t2 = t1.Get();
        t2.F();
        Object obj = Static_Class.A_Static_Method(i, s, t1);
        super(obj, i, "some argument", s, t1, t2); // compiler rejects because this is not the first line
    }
}

改写成:

// This compiles fine:

public class Child extends Parent {
    public Child(int i, String s, T1 t1) {
        super(Arg1(i, s, t1), Arg2(i), "some argument", Arg4(i, s), t1, Arg6(i, t1));
    }

    private static Object Arg1(int i, String s, T1 t1) {
        i = Arg2(i);
        s = Arg4(s);
        return Static_Class.A_Static_Method(i, s, t1);
    }

    private static int Arg2(int i) {
        i = i * 10 - 123;
        return i;
    }

    private static String Arg4(int i, String s) {
        i = Arg2(i);
        if (s.length() > i) {
            s = "This is sub s: " + s.substring(0, 5);
        } else {
            s = "Asdfg";
        }
        return s;
    }

    private static T2 Arg6(int i, T1 t1) {
        i = Arg2(i);
        t1.Set(i);
        T2 t2 = t1.Get();
        t2.F();
        return t2;
    }
}

事实上，编译器可以为我们自动化这个过程。他们只是选择不这么做。

我找到了一个变通办法。

这将不会编译:

public class MySubClass extends MyClass {
    public MySubClass(int a, int b) {
        int c = a + b;
        super(c);  // COMPILE ERROR
        doSomething(c);
        doSomething2(a);
        doSomething3(b);
    }
}

这是可行的:

public class MySubClass extends MyClass {
    public MySubClass(int a, int b) {
        this(a + b);
        doSomething2(a);
        doSomething3(b);
    }

    private MySubClass(int c) {
        super(c);
        doSomething(c);
    }
}

父类的构造函数需要在子类的构造函数之前调用。这将确保如果在构造函数中调用父类上的任何方法，父类已经正确设置。

你要做的是，将参数传递给超级构造函数是完全合法的，你只需要像你所做的那样内联构造这些参数，或者将它们传递给你的构造函数，然后将它们传递给super:

public MySubClassB extends MyClass {
        public MySubClassB(Object[] myArray) {
                super(myArray);
        }
}

如果编译器没有强制执行，你可以这样做:

public MySubClassB extends MyClass {
        public MySubClassB(Object[] myArray) {
                someMethodOnSuper(); //ERROR super not yet constructed
                super(myArray);
        }
}

在父类有默认构造函数的情况下，编译器会自动插入对super的调用。由于Java中的每个类都继承自Object，所以必须以某种方式调用Object的构造函数，并且必须首先执行它。编译器可以自动插入super()。强制super首先出现，强制构造函数主体以正确的顺序执行，即:Object -> Parent -> Child -> ChildOfChild -> SoOnSoForth